TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of omeprazole and esomeprazole obtained from traditional pharmacies and unlicensed internet websites using Raman spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and chemometric analysis
AU - Bellia, Gaetano F.
AU - Gil-Ramirez, Guzman
AU - Baron, Mark G.
AU - Croxton, Ruth
AU - Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Jose
PY - 2020/1/1
Y1 - 2020/1/1
N2 - The relevant therapeutic outcomes obtained with the use of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastric conditions have an important reflection on the prescribing habits of clinicians of primary and secondary care organizations. With the attempt to reduce their financial impact on the health systems, generic medications, obtained both from tradition distribution chain and from parallel import, have represented the main type of proton pump inhibitors used in clinics recently. The effect of parallel import and the use of the internet as an international distribution network significantly facilitates the entry of falsified medicines in the official channels of distribution. Since the interchangeability of different omeprazole preparations has been previously questioned, in this study we used Raman and 1H-NMR to characterise different omeprazole and esomeprazole formulations produced by different manufacturers and obtained from both traditional pharmacies and from unlicensed internet market in order to establish if any differences could be found to substantiate any different clinical performances. A chemometric study of Raman spectra allowed partial separation indicating that there are not sufficient chemical differences for PCA groups to be established using this analytical approach and for these specific medications. On the contrary, NMR investigations allowed the identification of impurities in internet samples, not detected by the Raman analyses, making this technique a valid candidate analytical tool to adopt for the investigation of falsified medicines.
AB - The relevant therapeutic outcomes obtained with the use of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastric conditions have an important reflection on the prescribing habits of clinicians of primary and secondary care organizations. With the attempt to reduce their financial impact on the health systems, generic medications, obtained both from tradition distribution chain and from parallel import, have represented the main type of proton pump inhibitors used in clinics recently. The effect of parallel import and the use of the internet as an international distribution network significantly facilitates the entry of falsified medicines in the official channels of distribution. Since the interchangeability of different omeprazole preparations has been previously questioned, in this study we used Raman and 1H-NMR to characterise different omeprazole and esomeprazole formulations produced by different manufacturers and obtained from both traditional pharmacies and from unlicensed internet market in order to establish if any differences could be found to substantiate any different clinical performances. A chemometric study of Raman spectra allowed partial separation indicating that there are not sufficient chemical differences for PCA groups to be established using this analytical approach and for these specific medications. On the contrary, NMR investigations allowed the identification of impurities in internet samples, not detected by the Raman analyses, making this technique a valid candidate analytical tool to adopt for the investigation of falsified medicines.
KW - Falsified medicines
KW - Generic
KW - NMR
KW - Omeprazole
KW - Raman
KW - Unlicensed internet market
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85075765561&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.vibspec.2019.102996
DO - 10.1016/j.vibspec.2019.102996
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85075765561
SN - 0924-2031
VL - 106
JO - Vibrational Spectroscopy
JF - Vibrational Spectroscopy
M1 - 102996
ER -