TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of various transport modes to evaluate personal exposure to PM2.5 pollution in Delhi
AU - Maji, Kamal Jyoti
AU - Namdeo, Anil
AU - Hoban, Dan
AU - Bell, Margaret
AU - Goodman, Paul
AU - Nagendra, S. M.Shiva
AU - Barnes, Jo
AU - De Vito, Laura
AU - Hayes, Enda
AU - Longhurst, James
AU - Kumar, Rakesh
AU - Sharma, Niraj
AU - Kuppili, Sudheer Kumar
AU - Alshetty, Dheeraj
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was part of the Clean Air for Delhi Through Interventions, Mitigations, and Engagement (CADTIME) study supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC ref: NE/P016588/1 ) and the Indian Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES). This work uses data downloaded from the public-facing portal for automatic air-quality monitoring of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India.
PY - 2021/2/1
Y1 - 2021/2/1
N2 - Access to detailed comparisons of the air quality variations encountered when commuting through a city offers the urban traveller more informed choice on how to minimise personal exposure to inhalable pollutants. In this study we report on an experiment designed to compare atmospheric contaminants, in this case, PM2.5 inhaled during rickshaw, bus, metro, non-air-conditioned car, air-conditioned (AC) car and walking journeys through the city of Delhi, India. The data collection was carried out using a portable TSI SidePak Aerosol Monitor AM520, during February 2018. The results demonstrate that rickshaws (266 ± 159 μg/m3) and walking (259 ± 102 μg/m3) modes were exposed to significantly higher mean PM2.5 levels, whereas AC cars (89 ± 30 μg/m3) and the metro (72 ± 11 μg/m3) had the lowest overall exposure rates. Buses (113 ± 14 μg/m3) and non-AC cars (149 ± 13 μg/m3) had average levels of exposure, but open windows and local factors caused surges in PM2.5 for both transport modes. Closed air-conditioned transport modes were shown to be the best modes for avoiding high concentrations of PM2.5, however other factors (e.g. time of the day, window open or closed in the vehicles) affected exposure levels significantly. Overall, the highest total respiratory deposition doses (RDDs) values were estimated as 84.7 ± 33.4 μg/km, 15.8 ± 9.5 μg/km and 9.7 ± 0.9 μg/km for walking, rickshaw and non-AC car transported mode of journey, respectively. Unless strong pollution control measures are taken, the high exposure to PM2.5 levels will continue causing serious short-term and long-term health concerns for the Delhi residents. Implementing integrated and intelligent transport systems and educating commuters on ways to reduce exposure levels and impacts on commuter's health are required.
AB - Access to detailed comparisons of the air quality variations encountered when commuting through a city offers the urban traveller more informed choice on how to minimise personal exposure to inhalable pollutants. In this study we report on an experiment designed to compare atmospheric contaminants, in this case, PM2.5 inhaled during rickshaw, bus, metro, non-air-conditioned car, air-conditioned (AC) car and walking journeys through the city of Delhi, India. The data collection was carried out using a portable TSI SidePak Aerosol Monitor AM520, during February 2018. The results demonstrate that rickshaws (266 ± 159 μg/m3) and walking (259 ± 102 μg/m3) modes were exposed to significantly higher mean PM2.5 levels, whereas AC cars (89 ± 30 μg/m3) and the metro (72 ± 11 μg/m3) had the lowest overall exposure rates. Buses (113 ± 14 μg/m3) and non-AC cars (149 ± 13 μg/m3) had average levels of exposure, but open windows and local factors caused surges in PM2.5 for both transport modes. Closed air-conditioned transport modes were shown to be the best modes for avoiding high concentrations of PM2.5, however other factors (e.g. time of the day, window open or closed in the vehicles) affected exposure levels significantly. Overall, the highest total respiratory deposition doses (RDDs) values were estimated as 84.7 ± 33.4 μg/km, 15.8 ± 9.5 μg/km and 9.7 ± 0.9 μg/km for walking, rickshaw and non-AC car transported mode of journey, respectively. Unless strong pollution control measures are taken, the high exposure to PM2.5 levels will continue causing serious short-term and long-term health concerns for the Delhi residents. Implementing integrated and intelligent transport systems and educating commuters on ways to reduce exposure levels and impacts on commuter's health are required.
KW - Air pollution
KW - Delhi
KW - Personal exposure
KW - PM
KW - Travel modes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097682433&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.apr.2020.12.003
DO - 10.1016/j.apr.2020.12.003
M3 - Article
SN - 1309-1042
VL - 12
SP - 417
EP - 431
JO - Atmospheric Pollution Research
JF - Atmospheric Pollution Research
IS - 2
ER -
