Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI

N. Alipour; H. Safari; C. Verbeeck; D. Berghmans; F. Auchère; L. P. Chitta; P. Antolin; K. Barczynski; E. Buchlin; R. Aznar Cuadrado; L. Dolla; M. K. Georgoulis; S. Gissot; L. Harra; A. C. Katsiyannis; D. M. Long; S. Mandal; S. Parenti; O. Podladchikova; E. Petrova; E. Soubrié; U. Schühle; C. Schwanitz; L. Teriaca; M. J. West; A. N. Zhukov

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243257

Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI

N. Alipour, H. Safari^*, C. Verbeeck, D. Berghmans, F. Auchère, L. P. Chitta, P. Antolin, K. Barczynski, E. Buchlin, R. Aznar Cuadrado, L. Dolla, M. K. Georgoulis, S. Gissot, L. Harra, A. C. Katsiyannis, D. M. Long, S. Mandal, S. Parenti, O. Podladchikova, E. PetrovaE. Soubrié, U. Schühle, C. Schwanitz, L. Teriaca, M. J. West, A. N. Zhukov

^*Corresponding author for this work

Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Context. Accurate detections of frequent small-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) brightenings are essential to the investigation of the physical processes heating the corona.

Aims. We detected small-scale brightenings, termed campfires, using their morphological and intensity structures as observed in coronal EUV imaging observations for statistical analysis.

Methods. We applied a method based on Zernike moments and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to automatically identify and track campfires observed by Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA).

Results. This method detected 8678 campfires (with length scales between 400 km and 4000 km) from a sequence of 50 High Resolution EUV telescope (HRIEUV) 174 E images. From 21 near co-temporal AIA images covering the same field of view as EUI, we found 1131 campfires, 58% of which were also detected in HRIEUV images. In contrast, about 16% of campfires recognized in HRIEUV were detected by AIA. We obtain a campfire birthrate of 2 E-10 16m 2s 1. About 40% of campfires show a duration longer than 5 s, having been observed in at least two HRIEUV images. We find that 27% of campfires were found in coronal bright points and the remaining 73% have occurred out of coronal bright points. We detected 23 EUI campfires with a duration greater than 245 s. We found that about 80% of campfires are formed at supergranular boundaries, and the features with the highest total intensities are generated at network junctions and intense H I Lyman-α emission regions observed by EUI/HRILya. The probability distribution functions for the total intensity, peak intensity, and projected area of campfires follow a power law behavior with absolute indices between 2 and 3. This self-similar behavior is a possible signature of self-organization, or even self-organized criticality, in the campfire formation process.

Original language	English
Article number	A128
Number of pages	12
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	663
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243257
Publication status	Published - 1 Jul 2022

Keywords

Sun: corona
Sun: UV radiation
Techniques: high angular resolution

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Alipour, N., Safari, H., Verbeeck, C., Berghmans, D., Auchère, F., Chitta, L. P., Antolin, P., Barczynski, K., Buchlin, E., Aznar Cuadrado, R., Dolla, L., Georgoulis, M. K., Gissot, S., Harra, L., Katsiyannis, A. C., Long, D. M., Mandal, S., Parenti, S., Podladchikova, O., ... Zhukov, A. N. (2022). Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 663, Article A128. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243257

@article{4f6cfbf4767d46c79f3aed207cf6850b,

title = "Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI",

abstract = "Context. Accurate detections of frequent small-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) brightenings are essential to the investigation of the physical processes heating the corona. Aims. We detected small-scale brightenings, termed campfires, using their morphological and intensity structures as observed in coronal EUV imaging observations for statistical analysis. Methods. We applied a method based on Zernike moments and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to automatically identify and track campfires observed by Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). Results. This method detected 8678 campfires (with length scales between 400 km and 4000 km) from a sequence of 50 High Resolution EUV telescope (HRIEUV) 174 E images. From 21 near co-temporal AIA images covering the same field of view as EUI, we found 1131 campfires, 58% of which were also detected in HRIEUV images. In contrast, about 16% of campfires recognized in HRIEUV were detected by AIA. We obtain a campfire birthrate of 2 E-10 16m 2s 1. About 40% of campfires show a duration longer than 5 s, having been observed in at least two HRIEUV images. We find that 27% of campfires were found in coronal bright points and the remaining 73% have occurred out of coronal bright points. We detected 23 EUI campfires with a duration greater than 245 s. We found that about 80% of campfires are formed at supergranular boundaries, and the features with the highest total intensities are generated at network junctions and intense H I Lyman-α emission regions observed by EUI/HRILya. The probability distribution functions for the total intensity, peak intensity, and projected area of campfires follow a power law behavior with absolute indices between 2 and 3. This self-similar behavior is a possible signature of self-organization, or even self-organized criticality, in the campfire formation process. ",

keywords = "Sun: corona, Sun: UV radiation, Techniques: high angular resolution",

author = "N. Alipour and H. Safari and C. Verbeeck and D. Berghmans and F. Auch{\`e}re and Chitta, {L. P.} and P. Antolin and K. Barczynski and E. Buchlin and {Aznar Cuadrado}, R. and L. Dolla and Georgoulis, {M. K.} and S. Gissot and L. Harra and Katsiyannis, {A. C.} and Long, {D. M.} and S. Mandal and S. Parenti and O. Podladchikova and E. Petrova and E. Soubri{\'e} and U. Sch{\"u}hle and C. Schwanitz and L. Teriaca and West, {M. J.} and Zhukov, {A. N.}",

note = "Funding Information: Solar Orbiter is a space mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, operated by ESA. The EUI instrument was built by CSL, IAS, MPS, MSSL/UCL, PMOD/WRC, ROB, LCF/IO with funding from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO/PRODEX PEA 4000112292); the Centre National d{\textquoteright}Etudes Spatiales (CNES); the UK Space Agency (UKSA); the Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) through the Deutsches Zentrum f{\"u}r Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR); and the Swiss Space Office (SSO). The ROB team thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract numbers 4000134474, 4000134088, and 4000136424. This work is supported by Swiss National Science Foundation – SNF. P.A. and D.M.L acknowledge STFC support from Ernest Rutherford Fellowship grant numbers ST/R004285/2 and ST/R003246/1 respectively. S.P. acknowledges the funding by CNES through the MEDOC data and operation center. The authors also gratefully thank the anonymous referee for very useful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript.",

year = "2022",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202243257",

language = "English",

volume = "663",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP Sciences",

}

Alipour, N, Safari, H, Verbeeck, C, Berghmans, D, Auchère, F, Chitta, LP, Antolin, P, Barczynski, K, Buchlin, E, Aznar Cuadrado, R, Dolla, L, Georgoulis, MK, Gissot, S, Harra, L, Katsiyannis, AC, Long, DM, Mandal, S, Parenti, S, Podladchikova, O, Petrova, E, Soubrié, E, Schühle, U, Schwanitz, C, Teriaca, L, West, MJ & Zhukov, AN 2022, 'Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 663, A128. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243257

TY - JOUR

T1 - Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI

AU - Alipour, N.

AU - Safari, H.

AU - Verbeeck, C.

AU - Berghmans, D.

AU - Auchère, F.

AU - Chitta, L. P.

AU - Antolin, P.

AU - Barczynski, K.

AU - Buchlin, E.

AU - Aznar Cuadrado, R.

AU - Dolla, L.

AU - Georgoulis, M. K.

AU - Gissot, S.

AU - Harra, L.

AU - Katsiyannis, A. C.

AU - Long, D. M.

AU - Mandal, S.

AU - Parenti, S.

AU - Podladchikova, O.

AU - Petrova, E.

AU - Soubrié, E.

AU - Schühle, U.

AU - Schwanitz, C.

AU - Teriaca, L.

AU - West, M. J.

AU - Zhukov, A. N.

N1 - Funding Information: Solar Orbiter is a space mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, operated by ESA. The EUI instrument was built by CSL, IAS, MPS, MSSL/UCL, PMOD/WRC, ROB, LCF/IO with funding from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO/PRODEX PEA 4000112292); the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES); the UK Space Agency (UKSA); the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) through the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR); and the Swiss Space Office (SSO). The ROB team thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract numbers 4000134474, 4000134088, and 4000136424. This work is supported by Swiss National Science Foundation – SNF. P.A. and D.M.L acknowledge STFC support from Ernest Rutherford Fellowship grant numbers ST/R004285/2 and ST/R003246/1 respectively. S.P. acknowledges the funding by CNES through the MEDOC data and operation center. The authors also gratefully thank the anonymous referee for very useful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript.

PY - 2022/7/1

Y1 - 2022/7/1

N2 - Context. Accurate detections of frequent small-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) brightenings are essential to the investigation of the physical processes heating the corona. Aims. We detected small-scale brightenings, termed campfires, using their morphological and intensity structures as observed in coronal EUV imaging observations for statistical analysis. Methods. We applied a method based on Zernike moments and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to automatically identify and track campfires observed by Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). Results. This method detected 8678 campfires (with length scales between 400 km and 4000 km) from a sequence of 50 High Resolution EUV telescope (HRIEUV) 174 E images. From 21 near co-temporal AIA images covering the same field of view as EUI, we found 1131 campfires, 58% of which were also detected in HRIEUV images. In contrast, about 16% of campfires recognized in HRIEUV were detected by AIA. We obtain a campfire birthrate of 2 E-10 16m 2s 1. About 40% of campfires show a duration longer than 5 s, having been observed in at least two HRIEUV images. We find that 27% of campfires were found in coronal bright points and the remaining 73% have occurred out of coronal bright points. We detected 23 EUI campfires with a duration greater than 245 s. We found that about 80% of campfires are formed at supergranular boundaries, and the features with the highest total intensities are generated at network junctions and intense H I Lyman-α emission regions observed by EUI/HRILya. The probability distribution functions for the total intensity, peak intensity, and projected area of campfires follow a power law behavior with absolute indices between 2 and 3. This self-similar behavior is a possible signature of self-organization, or even self-organized criticality, in the campfire formation process.

AB - Context. Accurate detections of frequent small-scale extreme ultraviolet (EUV) brightenings are essential to the investigation of the physical processes heating the corona. Aims. We detected small-scale brightenings, termed campfires, using their morphological and intensity structures as observed in coronal EUV imaging observations for statistical analysis. Methods. We applied a method based on Zernike moments and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to automatically identify and track campfires observed by Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). Results. This method detected 8678 campfires (with length scales between 400 km and 4000 km) from a sequence of 50 High Resolution EUV telescope (HRIEUV) 174 E images. From 21 near co-temporal AIA images covering the same field of view as EUI, we found 1131 campfires, 58% of which were also detected in HRIEUV images. In contrast, about 16% of campfires recognized in HRIEUV were detected by AIA. We obtain a campfire birthrate of 2 E-10 16m 2s 1. About 40% of campfires show a duration longer than 5 s, having been observed in at least two HRIEUV images. We find that 27% of campfires were found in coronal bright points and the remaining 73% have occurred out of coronal bright points. We detected 23 EUI campfires with a duration greater than 245 s. We found that about 80% of campfires are formed at supergranular boundaries, and the features with the highest total intensities are generated at network junctions and intense H I Lyman-α emission regions observed by EUI/HRILya. The probability distribution functions for the total intensity, peak intensity, and projected area of campfires follow a power law behavior with absolute indices between 2 and 3. This self-similar behavior is a possible signature of self-organization, or even self-organized criticality, in the campfire formation process.

KW - Sun: corona

KW - Sun: UV radiation

KW - Techniques: high angular resolution

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85134876530&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202243257

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202243257

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85134876530

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 663

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A128

ER -

Automatic detection of small-scale EUV brightenings observed by the Solar Orbiter/EUI

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