BIM in retrospect for the existing built environment – Challenges and Implications

Purpose
In support of Facilities Management (FM) in the higher education sector, this study aims to outline an approach of using Building Information Modelling (BIM) in retrospect for existing buildings which are so old that their 2D drawings are substantially outdated and therefore fail to represent the current state of the built asset. A case study at Northumbria University illustrates a cost-effective retro-BIM methodology for developing BIM models of existing buildings, emphasizing lighting systems. By presenting an affordable alternative to the scan-to-BIM approach, the study lays the groundwork for further exploration of the potential of retrospective BIM to enhance FM efficiency in established structures.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper adopted a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods, such as interviews and document analysis (in this study, the latter), gather insights into facility management practices, whereas quantitative methods assess the effectiveness of retro-BIM. A case study approach is utilized, focusing on a specific building. Additionally, a review of the existing literature and industry standards informs the research design, thereby creating an interdisciplinary approach that draws on architecture, engineering, construction management and information technology.

Findings
The paper advocates applying BIM retrospectively to improve FM in the existing built environment, with a focus on higher education. A case study at Northumbria University, UK, demonstrates a cost-effective retro-BIM methodology, particularly for lighting systems. The study suggests broader adoption of retro-BIM due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness compared to scan-to-BIM technology, emphasizing its potential to enhance FM practices across sectors, particularly for commercial, office-setting like buildings which are not far different to those of in the higher education sector.

Research limitations/implications
While focused on retrospective BIM application in higher education, the study's reliance on a single case study and methodological considerations may limit its broader applicability. Nonetheless, the findings provide valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers, laying groundwork for future research directions and contributing to discussions on industry standards and sustainability goals.

Practical implications
The paper presents an account of retrospective BIM implications at Northumbria University in the United Kingdom using a bespoke retro-BIM methodology.

Originality/value
Focusing on “lighting”, the paper demonstrates how BIM models can be developed cost-effectively (in contrast to the more costly scan-to-BIM approach) for existing built-environment assets. In doing so, the paper seeks to form a staging post for further enquiry into retrospective BIM.

Key highlights of the paper
70–80% of the existing buildings in the UK (already constructed by 2010) will continue to exist for many decades to come, which necessitates the application of BIM in retrospect;

Identifies the implications of retrospective BIM application in facility management and means to overcome the typical associated challenges;

BIM is applied retrospectively to an existing building of a higher education institution from the FM perspective and

Formulates recommendations on how BIM can effectively be executed at a greater scale and beyond.