Comprehensive review of desalination: Techniques, renewable energy integration, and the role of artificial intelligence

This review article serves as a comprehensive guide for individuals interested in exploring various aspects of desalination. It covers a wide range of topics, starting with an in-depth examination of saline water characteristics and an exploration of desalination processes, including thermal, membrane-based, and hybrid techniques. Additionally, the pivotal role of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, sea waves, and geothermal, in facilitating desalination is highlighted. A significant focus is placed on the remarkable impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing desalination efficiency. The article showcases advancements achieved through the application of AI techniques and their role in improving desalination processes, including predicting membrane fouling, enabling predictive maintenance, and enhancing water-quality monitoring. Furthermore, it provides detailed insights into the optimization techniques employed in desalination. By presenting a comprehensive overview of these topics, this review article serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts seeking a thorough understanding of desalination. It offers a roadmap for comprehending various aspects, ranging from the properties of saline waters to cutting-edge technologies and the integration of renewable energy sources. Ultimately, this article advances sustainable and efficient desalination practices, making it an essential guide for anyone seeking to explore this vital field.