Copy-move forgery detection: Survey, challenges and future directions

The authenticity and reliability of digital images are increasingly important due to the ease in modifying such images. Thus, the capability to identify image manipulation is a current research focus, and a key domain in digital image authentication is Copy-move forgery detection (CMFD). Copy-move forgery is the process of copying and pasting from one region to another location within the same image. In this paper, we survey the recent developments in CMFD, and describe the entire CMFD process involved. Specifically, we characterize the common CMFD workflow of feature extraction and matching process using block or keypoint-based approaches. Instead of listing the datasets and validations used in the literature, we also categorize the types of copied regions. Finally, we also outline a number of future research directions.