COVID-19 lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes’ Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices

Jad Adrian Washif; Øyvind Sandbakk; Stephen Seiler; Thomas Haugen; Abdulaziz Farooq; Ken Quarrie; Dina C Janse van Rensburg; Isabel Krug; Evert Verhagen; Del P Wong; Iñigo Mujika; Cristina Cortis; Monoem Haddad; Omid Ahmadian; Mahmood Al Jufaili; Ramzi A Al-Horani; Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi; Asma Aloui; Achraf Ammar; Fitim Arifi; Abdul Rashid Aziz; Mikhail Batuev; Christopher Martyn Beaven; Ralph Beneke; Arben Bici; Pallawi Bishnoi; Lone Bogwasi; Daniel Bok; Omar Boukhris; Daniel Boullosa; Nicola Bragazzi; Joao Brito; Roxana Paola Palacios Cartagena; Anis Chaouachi; Stephen S Cheung; Hamdi Chtourou; Germina Cosma; Tadej Debevec; Matthew D DeLang; Alexandre Dellal; Gürhan Dönmez; Tarak Driss; Juan David Peña Duque; Cristiano Eirale; Mohamed Elloumi; Carl Foster; Emerson Franchini; Andrea Fusco; Olivier Galy; Paul B Gastin; Nicholas Gill; Olivier Girard; Cvita Gregov; Shona Halson; Omar Hammouda; Ivana Hanzlíková; Bahar Hassanmirzaei; Kim Hébert-Losier; Hussein Muñoz Helú; Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela; Florentina Hettinga; Louis Holtzhausen; Olivier Hue; Antonio Dello Iacono; Johanna K Ihalainen; Carl James; Saju Joseph; Karim Kamoun; Mehdi Khaled; Karim Khalladi; Kwang Joon Kim; Lian-Yee Kok; Lewis MacMillan; Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos; Ryo Matsunaga; Shpresa Memishi; Grégoire P Millet; Imen Moussa-Chamari; Danladi Ibrahim Musa; Hoàng Minh Thuận Nguyễn; Pantelis T Nikolaidis; Adam Owen; Johnny Padulo; Jeffrey Cabayan Pagaduan; Nirmala Panagodage Perera; Jorge Pérez-Gómez; Lervasen Pillay; Arporn Popa; Avishkar Pudasaini; Alireza Rabbani; Tandiyo Rahayu; Mohamed Romdhani; Paul Salamh; Abu-Sufian Sarkar; Andy Schillinger; Heny Setyawati; Navina Shrestha; Fatona Suraya; Montassar Tabben; Khaled Trabelsi; Axel Urhausen; Maarit Valtonen; Johanna Weber; Rodney Whiteley; Adel Zrane; Yacine Zerguini; Piotr Zmijewski; Helmi Ben Saad; David B. Pyne; Lee Taylor; Karim Chamari

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543

COVID-19 lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes’ Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices

Jad Adrian Washif^*, Øyvind Sandbakk, Stephen Seiler, Thomas Haugen, Abdulaziz Farooq, Ken Quarrie, Dina C Janse van Rensburg, Isabel Krug, Evert Verhagen, Del P Wong, Iñigo Mujika, Cristina Cortis, Monoem Haddad, Omid Ahmadian, Mahmood Al Jufaili, Ramzi A Al-Horani, Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi, Asma Aloui, Achraf Ammar, Fitim ArifiAbdul Rashid Aziz, Mikhail Batuev, Christopher Martyn Beaven, Ralph Beneke, Arben Bici, Pallawi Bishnoi, Lone Bogwasi, Daniel Bok, Omar Boukhris, Daniel Boullosa, Nicola Bragazzi, Joao Brito, Roxana Paola Palacios Cartagena, Anis Chaouachi, Stephen S Cheung, Hamdi Chtourou, Germina Cosma, Tadej Debevec, Matthew D DeLang, Alexandre Dellal, Gürhan Dönmez, Tarak Driss, Juan David Peña Duque, Cristiano Eirale, Mohamed Elloumi, Carl Foster, Emerson Franchini, Andrea Fusco, Olivier Galy, Paul B Gastin, Nicholas Gill, Olivier Girard, Cvita Gregov, Shona Halson, Omar Hammouda, Ivana Hanzlíková, Bahar Hassanmirzaei, Kim Hébert-Losier, Hussein Muñoz Helú, Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela, Florentina Hettinga, Louis Holtzhausen, Olivier Hue, Antonio Dello Iacono, Johanna K Ihalainen, Carl James, Saju Joseph, Karim Kamoun, Mehdi Khaled, Karim Khalladi, Kwang Joon Kim, Lian-Yee Kok, Lewis MacMillan, Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Ryo Matsunaga, Shpresa Memishi, Grégoire P Millet, Imen Moussa-Chamari, Danladi Ibrahim Musa, Hoàng Minh Thuận Nguyễn, Pantelis T Nikolaidis, Adam Owen, Johnny Padulo, Jeffrey Cabayan Pagaduan, Nirmala Panagodage Perera, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, Lervasen Pillay, Arporn Popa, Avishkar Pudasaini, Alireza Rabbani, Tandiyo Rahayu, Mohamed Romdhani, Paul Salamh, Abu-Sufian Sarkar, Andy Schillinger, Heny Setyawati, Navina Shrestha, Fatona Suraya, Montassar Tabben, Khaled Trabelsi, Axel Urhausen, Maarit Valtonen, Johanna Weber, Rodney Whiteley, Adel Zrane, Yacine Zerguini, Piotr Zmijewski, Helmi Ben Saad, David B. Pyne, Lee Taylor, Karim Chamari

^*Corresponding author for this work

Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes’ knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May–July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. Results: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%–49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%–28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Conclusions: Changes in athletes’ training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1242-1256
Number of pages	15
Journal	International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Volume	17
Issue number	8
Early online date	8 Jul 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543
Publication status	Published - 1 Aug 2022

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10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543

COVID-19 sports sex diference (MAIN DOCUMENT) IJSPP rev.8.1Accepted author manuscript, 1.42 MB

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Washif, J. A., Sandbakk, Ø., Seiler, S., Haugen, T., Farooq, A., Quarrie, K., Janse van Rensburg, D. C., Krug, I., Verhagen, E., Wong, D. P., Mujika, I., Cortis, C., Haddad, M., Ahmadian, O., Al Jufaili, M., Al-Horani, R. A., Al-Mohannadi, A. S., Aloui, A., Ammar, A., ... Chamari, K. (2022). COVID-19 lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes’ Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(8), 1242-1256. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543

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title = "COVID-19 lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes{\textquoteright} Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices",

abstract = "Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes{\textquoteright} knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May–July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. Results: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%–49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%–28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Conclusions: Changes in athletes{\textquoteright} training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events.",

keywords = "crowd-sourced data, multinational sample, online survey, perception, remote training",

author = "Washif, {Jad Adrian} and {\O}yvind Sandbakk and Stephen Seiler and Thomas Haugen and Abdulaziz Farooq and Ken Quarrie and {Janse van Rensburg}, {Dina C} and Isabel Krug and Evert Verhagen and Wong, {Del P} and I{\~n}igo Mujika and Cristina Cortis and Monoem Haddad and Omid Ahmadian and {Al Jufaili}, Mahmood and Al-Horani, {Ramzi A} and Al-Mohannadi, {Abdulla Saeed} and Asma Aloui and Achraf Ammar and Fitim Arifi and Aziz, {Abdul Rashid} and Mikhail Batuev and Beaven, {Christopher Martyn} and Ralph Beneke and Arben Bici and Pallawi Bishnoi and Lone Bogwasi and Daniel Bok and Omar Boukhris and Daniel Boullosa and Nicola Bragazzi and Joao Brito and Cartagena, {Roxana Paola Palacios} and Anis Chaouachi and Cheung, {Stephen S} and Hamdi Chtourou and Germina Cosma and Tadej Debevec and DeLang, {Matthew D} and Alexandre Dellal and G{\"u}rhan D{\"o}nmez and Tarak Driss and {Pe{\~n}a Duque}, {Juan David} and Cristiano Eirale and Mohamed Elloumi and Carl Foster and Emerson Franchini and Andrea Fusco and Olivier Galy and Gastin, {Paul B} and Nicholas Gill and Olivier Girard and Cvita Gregov and Shona Halson and Omar Hammouda and Ivana Hanzl{\'i}kov{\'a} and Bahar Hassanmirzaei and Kim H{\'e}bert-Losier and {Mu{\~n}oz Hel{\'u}}, Hussein and Tom{\'a}s Herrera-Valenzuela and Florentina Hettinga and Louis Holtzhausen and Olivier Hue and {Dello Iacono}, Antonio and Ihalainen, {Johanna K} and Carl James and Saju Joseph and Karim Kamoun and Mehdi Khaled and Karim Khalladi and Kim, {Kwang Joon} and Lian-Yee Kok and Lewis MacMillan and Mataruna-Dos-Santos, {Leonardo Jose} and Ryo Matsunaga and Shpresa Memishi and Millet, {Gr{\'e}goire P} and Imen Moussa-Chamari and Musa, {Danladi Ibrahim} and Nguy{\^e}̃n, {Ho{\`a}ng Minh Thu{\^a}̣n} and Nikolaidis, {Pantelis T} and Adam Owen and Johnny Padulo and Pagaduan, {Jeffrey Cabayan} and Perera, {Nirmala Panagodage} and Jorge P{\'e}rez-G{\'o}mez and Lervasen Pillay and Arporn Popa and Avishkar Pudasaini and Alireza Rabbani and Tandiyo Rahayu and Mohamed Romdhani and Paul Salamh and Abu-Sufian Sarkar and Andy Schillinger and Heny Setyawati and Navina Shrestha and Fatona Suraya and Montassar Tabben and Khaled Trabelsi and Axel Urhausen and Maarit Valtonen and Johanna Weber and Rodney Whiteley and Adel Zrane and Yacine Zerguini and Piotr Zmijewski and {Ben Saad}, Helmi and Pyne, {David B.} and Lee Taylor and Karim Chamari",

year = "2022",

month = aug,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543",

language = "English",

volume = "17",

pages = "1242--1256",

journal = "International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance",

issn = "1555-0265",

publisher = "Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.",

number = "8",

}

Washif, JA, Sandbakk, Ø, Seiler, S, Haugen, T, Farooq, A, Quarrie, K, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Krug, I, Verhagen, E, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Cartagena, RPP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Peña Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlíková, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Hébert-Losier, K, Muñoz Helú, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, F, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Nguyễn, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Pérez-Gómez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Ben Saad, H, Pyne, DB, Taylor, L & Chamari, K 2022, 'COVID-19 lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes’ Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices', International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1242-1256. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543

TY - JOUR

T1 - COVID-19 lockdown

T2 - A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes’ Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices

AU - Washif, Jad Adrian

AU - Sandbakk, Øyvind

AU - Seiler, Stephen

AU - Haugen, Thomas

AU - Farooq, Abdulaziz

AU - Quarrie, Ken

AU - Janse van Rensburg, Dina C

AU - Krug, Isabel

AU - Verhagen, Evert

AU - Wong, Del P

AU - Mujika, Iñigo

AU - Cortis, Cristina

AU - Haddad, Monoem

AU - Ahmadian, Omid

AU - Al Jufaili, Mahmood

AU - Al-Horani, Ramzi A

AU - Al-Mohannadi, Abdulla Saeed

AU - Aloui, Asma

AU - Ammar, Achraf

AU - Arifi, Fitim

AU - Aziz, Abdul Rashid

AU - Batuev, Mikhail

AU - Beaven, Christopher Martyn

AU - Beneke, Ralph

AU - Bici, Arben

AU - Bishnoi, Pallawi

AU - Bogwasi, Lone

AU - Bok, Daniel

AU - Boukhris, Omar

AU - Boullosa, Daniel

AU - Bragazzi, Nicola

AU - Brito, Joao

AU - Cartagena, Roxana Paola Palacios

AU - Chaouachi, Anis

AU - Cheung, Stephen S

AU - Chtourou, Hamdi

AU - Cosma, Germina

AU - Debevec, Tadej

AU - DeLang, Matthew D

AU - Dellal, Alexandre

AU - Dönmez, Gürhan

AU - Driss, Tarak

AU - Peña Duque, Juan David

AU - Eirale, Cristiano

AU - Elloumi, Mohamed

AU - Foster, Carl

AU - Franchini, Emerson

AU - Fusco, Andrea

AU - Galy, Olivier

AU - Gastin, Paul B

AU - Gill, Nicholas

AU - Girard, Olivier

AU - Gregov, Cvita

AU - Halson, Shona

AU - Hammouda, Omar

AU - Hanzlíková, Ivana

AU - Hassanmirzaei, Bahar

AU - Hébert-Losier, Kim

AU - Muñoz Helú, Hussein

AU - Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás

AU - Hettinga, Florentina

AU - Holtzhausen, Louis

AU - Hue, Olivier

AU - Dello Iacono, Antonio

AU - Ihalainen, Johanna K

AU - James, Carl

AU - Joseph, Saju

AU - Kamoun, Karim

AU - Khaled, Mehdi

AU - Khalladi, Karim

AU - Kim, Kwang Joon

AU - Kok, Lian-Yee

AU - MacMillan, Lewis

AU - Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose

AU - Matsunaga, Ryo

AU - Memishi, Shpresa

AU - Millet, Grégoire P

AU - Moussa-Chamari, Imen

AU - Musa, Danladi Ibrahim

AU - Nguyễn, Hoàng Minh Thuận

AU - Nikolaidis, Pantelis T

AU - Owen, Adam

AU - Padulo, Johnny

AU - Pagaduan, Jeffrey Cabayan

AU - Perera, Nirmala Panagodage

AU - Pérez-Gómez, Jorge

AU - Pillay, Lervasen

AU - Popa, Arporn

AU - Pudasaini, Avishkar

AU - Rabbani, Alireza

AU - Rahayu, Tandiyo

AU - Romdhani, Mohamed

AU - Salamh, Paul

AU - Sarkar, Abu-Sufian

AU - Schillinger, Andy

AU - Setyawati, Heny

AU - Shrestha, Navina

AU - Suraya, Fatona

AU - Tabben, Montassar

AU - Trabelsi, Khaled

AU - Urhausen, Axel

AU - Valtonen, Maarit

AU - Weber, Johanna

AU - Whiteley, Rodney

AU - Zrane, Adel

AU - Zerguini, Yacine

AU - Zmijewski, Piotr

AU - Ben Saad, Helmi

AU - Pyne, David B.

AU - Taylor, Lee

AU - Chamari, Karim

PY - 2022/8/1

Y1 - 2022/8/1

N2 - Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes’ knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May–July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. Results: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%–49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%–28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Conclusions: Changes in athletes’ training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events.

AB - Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes’ knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May–July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. Results: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%–49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%–28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Conclusions: Changes in athletes’ training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events.

KW - crowd-sourced data

KW - multinational sample

KW - online survey

KW - perception

KW - remote training

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85137125855&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543

DO - 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0543

M3 - Article

VL - 17

SP - 1242

EP - 1256

JO - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

JF - International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

SN - 1555-0265

IS - 8

ER -

COVID-19 lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes’ Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices

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