Data‐Driven Urban Digital Twins and Critical Infrastructure Under Climate Change: A Review of Frameworks and Applications

Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) are rapidly emerging as a transformative tool for enhancing the resilience and sustainability of critical infrastructure (CI) in smart cities, particularly in the face of climate‐induced risks. They have gained significant attention in both research and real‐world applications. By integrating real‐time data, advanced simulations, and predictive analytics, UDTs facilitate data‐driven decision‐making and optimise urban systems. Given the complexity of urban environments and dynamics, addressing interdependency, interoperability, and inclusiveness is crucial for their effective implementation. This article examines the role of UDTs in managing CI, summarising key risks, technological advancements, and applications. A conceptual framework is proposed in this study to outline the resources required and the potential of UDTs in addressing climate challenges. Despite their promise, the implementation of UDTs faces multidimensional challenges: This article also explores these barriers and future directions for overcoming them through interdisciplinary collaboration, standardisation efforts, and inclusive governance frameworks. As UDTs continue to evolve, sustained innovation and equitable resource distribution will be essential to maximising their impact on the future of urban infrastructure and climate resilience.