Engineering Streptomyces coelicolor for heterologous expression of the thiopeptide GE2270A – a cautionary tale

The thiopeptide GE2270A is a clinically relevant, ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) naturally produced by Planobispora rosea. Due to the genetically intractable nature of P. rosea, heterologous expression is considered a possible route to yield improvement. In this study, we focused on improving GE2270A production through heterologous expression of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in the model organism Streptomyces coelicolor M1146. A statistically significant yield improvement was obtained in the S. coelicolor system through the data-driven rational engineering of the BGC, including the introduction of additional copies of key biosynthetic and regulatory genes. However, despite our best effort, the highest production level observed in the strains generated in this study is 12 × lower than published titres achieved in the natural producer and 50 × lower than published titres obtained using Nonomuraea ATCC 39727 as expression host. These results suggest that, while using the most genetically amenable strain as host can be the right choice when exploring different BGC designs, the choice of the most suitable host has a major effect on the achievable yield and should be carefully considered. The analysis of the multi-omics data obtained in this study suggests an important role of PbtX in GE2270A biosynthesis and provides insights into the differences in production metabolic profiles between the different strains.