Genomic biomarkers for patient selection and stratification: the cancer paradigm.

The revolution in disease diagnosis and treatment promised on the completion of the human genome project over a decade ago has materialized in the form of unified drug and biomarker discovery and development pipelines. This strategic shift has been principally catalyzed through success stories in the field of oncology, ushering in the era of personalized medicine. Thus, a number of molecular targets have also been demonstrated to be reliable markers for selecting patients wherein treatment can be efficacious. Perhaps more importantly, however, the late adoption of biomarker strategies has also rescued drug candidates from complete late-stage failure. This review examines the historical lessons of key challenges in translating biomarker assay information into strategic and clinically actionable decisions and assesses the impact of personalized genome sequencing in the future of companion diagnostic development and commercialization.