Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

Ashkan Afshin; Mohammad Forouzanfar; Marissa Reitsma; Patrick Sur; Kara Estep; Alex Lee; Laurie Marczak; Ali Mokdad; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh; Mohsen Naghavi; Joseph Salama; Theo Vos; Kalkidan Abate; Cristiana Abbafati; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Ziad Al-Aly; Ala'a Alkerwi; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Azmeraw Amare; Alemayehu Amberbir; Adeladza K. Amegah; Erfan Amini; Stephen Marc Amrock; Ranjit M. Anjana; Johan Ärnlöv; Hamid Asayesh; Amitava Banerjee; Aleksandra Barac; Estifanos Baye; Derrick Bennett; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Stan Biryukov; Espen Bjertness; Dube Boneya; Ismael Campos-Nonato; Juan J. Carrero; Pedro Cecilio; Kelly Cercy; Liliana Ciobanu; Leslie Cornaby; Solomon Damtew; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Samath Dharmaratne; Bruce B. Duncan; Babak Eshrati; Alireza Esteghamati; Valery Feigin; João C. Fernandes; Thomas Fürst; Tsegaye T. Gebrehiwot; Audra Gold; Philimon Gona; Atsushi Goto; Tesfa D. Habtewold; Kokeb T. Hadush; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Simon Hay; Masako Horino; Farhad Islami; Ritul Kamal; Amir Kasaeian; Srinivasa V. Katikireddi; Andre Kengne; Chandrasekharan Kesavachandran; Yousef Khader; Young-Ho Khang; Jagdish Khubchandani; Daniel Kim; Yunjin Kim; Yohannes Kinfu; Soewarta Kosen; Tiffany Ku; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Anil Kumar; Heidi Larson; Mall Leinsalu; Xiaofeng Liang; Stephen Lim; Patrick Liu; Alan Lopez; Rafael Lozano; Azeem Majeed; Reza Malekzadeh; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Mohsen Mazidi; Colm McAlinden; Stephen T. McGarvey; Desalegn T. Mengistu; George Mensah; Gert B. M. Mensink; Haftay B. Mezgebe; Erkin M. Mirrakhimov; Ulrich Mueller; Jean J. Noubiap; Carla M. Obermeyer; Felix Ogbo; Mayowa O. Owolabi; George Patton; Farshad Pourmalek; Mostafa Qorbani; Anwar Rafay; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Chhabi Lal Ranabhat; Nikolas Reinig; Saeid Safiri; Joshua Salomon; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Itamar Santos; Benn Sartorius; Monika Sawhney; Josef Schmidhuber; Aletta Elisabeth Schutte; Maria I. Schmidt; Sadaf Sepanlou; Moretza Shamsizadeh; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Min-Jeong Shin; Rahman Shiri; Ivy Shiue; Hirbos Shore Roba; Diego A. S. Silva; Jonathan Silverberg; Jasvinder Singh; Saverio Stranges; Soumya Swaminathan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Fentaw Tadese; Bemnet Amare Tedla; Balewgizie S. Tegegne; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; J. S. Thakur; Marcello Tonelli; Roman Topor-Madry; Stefanos Tyrovolas; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Olalekan Uthman; Masoud Vaezghasemi; Tommi Vasankari; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Elisabete Weiderpass; Andrea Werdecker; Joshua Wesana; Ronny Westerman; Yuichiro Yano; Naohiro Yonemoto; Gerald Yonga; Zoubida Zaidi; Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe; Ben Zipkin; Christopher Murray

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

Ashkan Afshin, Mohammad Forouzanfar, Marissa Reitsma, Patrick Sur, Kara Estep, Alex Lee, Laurie Marczak, Ali Mokdad, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mohsen Naghavi, Joseph Salama, Theo Vos, Kalkidan Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ziad Al-Aly, Ala'a Alkerwi, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Azmeraw Amare, Alemayehu AmberbirAdeladza K. Amegah, Erfan Amini, Stephen Marc Amrock, Ranjit M. Anjana, Johan Ärnlöv, Hamid Asayesh, Amitava Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Estifanos Baye, Derrick Bennett, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Stan Biryukov, Espen Bjertness, Dube Boneya, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Juan J. Carrero, Pedro Cecilio, Kelly Cercy, Liliana Ciobanu, Leslie Cornaby, Solomon Damtew, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Samath Dharmaratne, Bruce B. Duncan, Babak Eshrati, Alireza Esteghamati, Valery Feigin, João C. Fernandes, Thomas Fürst, Tsegaye T. Gebrehiwot, Audra Gold, Philimon Gona, Atsushi Goto, Tesfa D. Habtewold, Kokeb T. Hadush, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Simon Hay, Masako Horino, Farhad Islami, Ritul Kamal, Amir Kasaeian, Srinivasa V. Katikireddi, Andre Kengne, Chandrasekharan Kesavachandran, Yousef Khader, Young-Ho Khang, Jagdish Khubchandani, Daniel Kim, Yunjin Kim, Yohannes Kinfu, Soewarta Kosen, Tiffany Ku, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Anil Kumar, Heidi Larson, Mall Leinsalu, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen Lim, Patrick Liu, Alan Lopez, Rafael Lozano, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Stephen T. McGarvey, Desalegn T. Mengistu, George Mensah, Gert B. M. Mensink, Haftay B. Mezgebe, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Ulrich Mueller, Jean J. Noubiap, Carla M. Obermeyer, Felix Ogbo, Mayowa O. Owolabi, George Patton, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Anwar Rafay, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nikolas Reinig, Saeid Safiri, Joshua Salomon, Juan Ramon Sanabria, Itamar Santos, Benn Sartorius, Monika Sawhney, Josef Schmidhuber, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Maria I. Schmidt, Sadaf Sepanlou, Moretza Shamsizadeh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Ivy Shiue, Hirbos Shore Roba, Diego A. S. Silva, Jonathan Silverberg, Jasvinder Singh, Saverio Stranges, Soumya Swaminathan, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Fentaw Tadese, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Balewgizie S. Tegegne, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, J. S. Thakur, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Olalekan Uthman, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Tommi Vasankari, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Elisabete Weiderpass, Andrea Werdecker, Joshua Wesana, Ronny Westerman, Yuichiro Yano, Naohiro Yonemoto, Gerald Yonga, Zoubida Zaidi, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Ben Zipkin, Christopher Murray

Northumbria University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5178 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	13-27
Journal	New England Journal of Medicine
Volume	377
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
Publication status	Published - 6 Jul 2017

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10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/145552/

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Afshin, A., Forouzanfar, M., Reitsma, M., Sur, P., Estep, K., Lee, A., Marczak, L., Mokdad, A., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Salama, J., Vos, T., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Ahmed, M. B., Al-Aly, Z., Alkerwi, A., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., ... Murray, C. (2017). Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

@article{220310c1e479490fa7d3f8c263d4702c,

title = "Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.",

author = "Ashkan Afshin and Mohammad Forouzanfar and Marissa Reitsma and Patrick Sur and Kara Estep and Alex Lee and Laurie Marczak and Ali Mokdad and Maziar Moradi-Lakeh and Mohsen Naghavi and Joseph Salama and Theo Vos and Kalkidan Abate and Cristiana Abbafati and Ahmed, {Muktar Beshir} and Ziad Al-Aly and Ala'a Alkerwi and Rajaa Al-Raddadi and Azmeraw Amare and Alemayehu Amberbir and Amegah, {Adeladza K.} and Erfan Amini and Amrock, {Stephen Marc} and Anjana, {Ranjit M.} and Johan {\"A}rnl{\"o}v and Hamid Asayesh and Amitava Banerjee and Aleksandra Barac and Estifanos Baye and Derrick Bennett and Beyene, {Addisu Shunu} and Sibhatu Biadgilign and Stan Biryukov and Espen Bjertness and Dube Boneya and Ismael Campos-Nonato and Carrero, {Juan J.} and Pedro Cecilio and Kelly Cercy and Liliana Ciobanu and Leslie Cornaby and Solomon Damtew and Lalit Dandona and Rakhi Dandona and Samath Dharmaratne and Duncan, {Bruce B.} and Babak Eshrati and Alireza Esteghamati and Valery Feigin and Fernandes, {Jo{\~a}o C.} and Thomas F{\"u}rst and Gebrehiwot, {Tsegaye T.} and Audra Gold and Philimon Gona and Atsushi Goto and Habtewold, {Tesfa D.} and Hadush, {Kokeb T.} and Nima Hafezi-Nejad and Simon Hay and Masako Horino and Farhad Islami and Ritul Kamal and Amir Kasaeian and Katikireddi, {Srinivasa V.} and Andre Kengne and Chandrasekharan Kesavachandran and Yousef Khader and Young-Ho Khang and Jagdish Khubchandani and Daniel Kim and Yunjin Kim and Yohannes Kinfu and Soewarta Kosen and Tiffany Ku and {Kuate Defo}, Barthelemy and Anil Kumar and Heidi Larson and Mall Leinsalu and Xiaofeng Liang and Stephen Lim and Patrick Liu and Alan Lopez and Rafael Lozano and Azeem Majeed and Reza Malekzadeh and Malta, {Deborah Carvalho} and Mohsen Mazidi and Colm McAlinden and McGarvey, {Stephen T.} and Mengistu, {Desalegn T.} and George Mensah and Mensink, {Gert B. M.} and Mezgebe, {Haftay B.} and Mirrakhimov, {Erkin M.} and Ulrich Mueller and Noubiap, {Jean J.} and Obermeyer, {Carla M.} and Felix Ogbo and Owolabi, {Mayowa O.} and George Patton and Farshad Pourmalek and Mostafa Qorbani and Anwar Rafay and Rai, {Rajesh Kumar} and Ranabhat, {Chhabi Lal} and Nikolas Reinig and Saeid Safiri and Joshua Salomon and Sanabria, {Juan Ramon} and Itamar Santos and Benn Sartorius and Monika Sawhney and Josef Schmidhuber and Schutte, {Aletta Elisabeth} and Schmidt, {Maria I.} and Sadaf Sepanlou and Moretza Shamsizadeh and Sara Sheikhbahaei and Min-Jeong Shin and Rahman Shiri and Ivy Shiue and Roba, {Hirbos Shore} and Silva, {Diego A. S.} and Jonathan Silverberg and Jasvinder Singh and Saverio Stranges and Soumya Swaminathan and Rafael Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos and Fentaw Tadese and Tedla, {Bemnet Amare} and Tegegne, {Balewgizie S.} and Terkawi, {Abdullah Sulieman} and Thakur, {J. S.} and Marcello Tonelli and Roman Topor-Madry and Stefanos Tyrovolas and Ukwaja, {Kingsley Nnanna} and Olalekan Uthman and Masoud Vaezghasemi and Tommi Vasankari and Vlassov, {Vasiliy Victorovich} and Vollset, {Stein Emil} and Elisabete Weiderpass and Andrea Werdecker and Joshua Wesana and Ronny Westerman and Yuichiro Yano and Naohiro Yonemoto and Gerald Yonga and Zoubida Zaidi and Zenebe, {Zerihun Menlkalew} and Ben Zipkin and Christopher Murray",

note = "Manuscript version freely available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477817/",

year = "2017",

month = jul,

day = "6",

doi = "10.1056/NEJMoa1614362",

language = "English",

volume = "377",

pages = "13--27",

journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",

issn = "0028-4793",

publisher = "Massachussetts Medical Society",

number = "1",

}

Afshin, A, Forouzanfar, M, Reitsma, M, Sur, P, Estep, K, Lee, A, Marczak, L, Mokdad, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Naghavi, M, Salama, J, Vos, T, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, MB, Al-Aly, Z, Alkerwi, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Amare, A, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Amini, E, Amrock, SM, Anjana, RM, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Baye, E, Bennett, D, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Biryukov, S, Bjertness, E, Boneya, D, Campos-Nonato, I, Carrero, JJ, Cecilio, P, Cercy, K, Ciobanu, L, Cornaby, L, Damtew, S, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dharmaratne, S, Duncan, BB, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Feigin, V, Fernandes, JC, Fürst, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gold, A, Gona, P, Goto, A, Habtewold, TD, Hadush, KT, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hay, S, Horino, M, Islami, F, Kamal, R, Kasaeian, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kengne, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kinfu, Y, Kosen, S, Ku, T, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, A, Larson, H, Leinsalu, M, Liang, X, Lim, S, Liu, P, Lopez, A, Lozano, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGarvey, ST, Mengistu, DT, Mensah, G, Mensink, GBM, Mezgebe, HB, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mueller, U, Noubiap, JJ, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, F, Owolabi, MO, Patton, G, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rai, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Reinig, N, Safiri, S, Salomon, J, Sanabria, JR, Santos, I, Sartorius, B, Sawhney, M, Schmidhuber, J, Schutte, AE, Schmidt, MI, Sepanlou, S, Shamsizadeh, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shin, M-J, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Roba, HS, Silva, DAS, Silverberg, J, Singh, J, Stranges, S, Swaminathan, S, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadese, F, Tedla, BA, Tegegne, BS, Terkawi, AS, Thakur, JS, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, O, Vaezghasemi, M, Vasankari, T, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Weiderpass, E, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Westerman, R, Yano, Y, Yonemoto, N, Yonga, G, Zaidi, Z, Zenebe, ZM, Zipkin, B & Murray, C 2017, 'Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years', New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 377, no. 1, pp. 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

TY - JOUR

T1 - Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

AU - Afshin, Ashkan

AU - Forouzanfar, Mohammad

AU - Reitsma, Marissa

AU - Sur, Patrick

AU - Estep, Kara

AU - Lee, Alex

AU - Marczak, Laurie

AU - Mokdad, Ali

AU - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar

AU - Naghavi, Mohsen

AU - Salama, Joseph

AU - Vos, Theo

AU - Abate, Kalkidan

AU - Abbafati, Cristiana

AU - Ahmed, Muktar Beshir

AU - Al-Aly, Ziad

AU - Alkerwi, Ala'a

AU - Al-Raddadi, Rajaa

AU - Amare, Azmeraw

AU - Amberbir, Alemayehu

AU - Amegah, Adeladza K.

AU - Amini, Erfan

AU - Amrock, Stephen Marc

AU - Anjana, Ranjit M.

AU - Ärnlöv, Johan

AU - Asayesh, Hamid

AU - Banerjee, Amitava

AU - Barac, Aleksandra

AU - Baye, Estifanos

AU - Bennett, Derrick

AU - Beyene, Addisu Shunu

AU - Biadgilign, Sibhatu

AU - Biryukov, Stan

AU - Bjertness, Espen

AU - Boneya, Dube

AU - Campos-Nonato, Ismael

AU - Carrero, Juan J.

AU - Cecilio, Pedro

AU - Cercy, Kelly

AU - Ciobanu, Liliana

AU - Cornaby, Leslie

AU - Damtew, Solomon

AU - Dandona, Lalit

AU - Dandona, Rakhi

AU - Dharmaratne, Samath

AU - Duncan, Bruce B.

AU - Eshrati, Babak

AU - Esteghamati, Alireza

AU - Feigin, Valery

AU - Fernandes, João C.

AU - Fürst, Thomas

AU - Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T.

AU - Gold, Audra

AU - Gona, Philimon

AU - Goto, Atsushi

AU - Habtewold, Tesfa D.

AU - Hadush, Kokeb T.

AU - Hafezi-Nejad, Nima

AU - Hay, Simon

AU - Horino, Masako

AU - Islami, Farhad

AU - Kamal, Ritul

AU - Kasaeian, Amir

AU - Katikireddi, Srinivasa V.

AU - Kengne, Andre

AU - Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan

AU - Khader, Yousef

AU - Khang, Young-Ho

AU - Khubchandani, Jagdish

AU - Kim, Daniel

AU - Kim, Yunjin

AU - Kinfu, Yohannes

AU - Kosen, Soewarta

AU - Ku, Tiffany

AU - Kuate Defo, Barthelemy

AU - Kumar, Anil

AU - Larson, Heidi

AU - Leinsalu, Mall

AU - Liang, Xiaofeng

AU - Lim, Stephen

AU - Liu, Patrick

AU - Lopez, Alan

AU - Lozano, Rafael

AU - Majeed, Azeem

AU - Malekzadeh, Reza

AU - Malta, Deborah Carvalho

AU - Mazidi, Mohsen

AU - McAlinden, Colm

AU - McGarvey, Stephen T.

AU - Mengistu, Desalegn T.

AU - Mensah, George

AU - Mensink, Gert B. M.

AU - Mezgebe, Haftay B.

AU - Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.

AU - Mueller, Ulrich

AU - Noubiap, Jean J.

AU - Obermeyer, Carla M.

AU - Ogbo, Felix

AU - Owolabi, Mayowa O.

AU - Patton, George

AU - Pourmalek, Farshad

AU - Qorbani, Mostafa

AU - Rafay, Anwar

AU - Rai, Rajesh Kumar

AU - Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal

AU - Reinig, Nikolas

AU - Safiri, Saeid

AU - Salomon, Joshua

AU - Sanabria, Juan Ramon

AU - Santos, Itamar

AU - Sartorius, Benn

AU - Sawhney, Monika

AU - Schmidhuber, Josef

AU - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth

AU - Schmidt, Maria I.

AU - Sepanlou, Sadaf

AU - Shamsizadeh, Moretza

AU - Sheikhbahaei, Sara

AU - Shin, Min-Jeong

AU - Shiri, Rahman

AU - Shiue, Ivy

AU - Roba, Hirbos Shore

AU - Silva, Diego A. S.

AU - Silverberg, Jonathan

AU - Singh, Jasvinder

AU - Stranges, Saverio

AU - Swaminathan, Soumya

AU - Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael

AU - Tadese, Fentaw

AU - Tedla, Bemnet Amare

AU - Tegegne, Balewgizie S.

AU - Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman

AU - Thakur, J. S.

AU - Tonelli, Marcello

AU - Topor-Madry, Roman

AU - Tyrovolas, Stefanos

AU - Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna

AU - Uthman, Olalekan

AU - Vaezghasemi, Masoud

AU - Vasankari, Tommi

AU - Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich

AU - Vollset, Stein Emil

AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete

AU - Werdecker, Andrea

AU - Wesana, Joshua

AU - Westerman, Ronny

AU - Yano, Yuichiro

AU - Yonemoto, Naohiro

AU - Yonga, Gerald

AU - Zaidi, Zoubida

AU - Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew

AU - Zipkin, Ben

AU - Murray, Christopher

N1 - Manuscript version freely available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477817/

PY - 2017/7/6

Y1 - 2017/7/6

N2 - BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.

AB - BACKGROUND: Although the rising pandemic of obesity has received major attention in many countries, the effects of this attention on trends and the disease burden of obesity remain uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 68.5 million persons to assess the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adults between 1980 and 2015. Using the Global Burden of Disease study data and methods, we also quantified the burden of disease related to high body-mass index (BMI), according to age, sex, cause, and BMI in 195 countries between 1990 and 2015. RESULTS: In 2015, a total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were obese. Since 1980, the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other countries. Although the prevalence of obesity among children has been lower than that among adults, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries has been greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity. High BMI accounted for 4.0 million deaths globally, nearly 40% of which occurred in persons who were not obese. More than two thirds of deaths related to high BMI were due to cardiovascular disease. The disease burden related to high BMI has increased since 1990; however, the rate of this increase has been attenuated owing to decreases in underlying rates of death from cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence-based interventions to address this problem.

U2 - 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362

M3 - Article

SN - 0028-4793

VL - 377

SP - 13

EP - 27

JO - New England Journal of Medicine

JF - New England Journal of Medicine

IS - 1

ER -

Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years

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