How is wakeful rest operationalized and measured in daily life among adults with and without long‐term conditions? A systematic scoping review

A systematic scoping review was conducted to examine how rest is operationalized and measured in daily life among adults with and without long-term conditions. Searches were performed in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Psych databases for studies from 1990 to 2024. Two independent reviewers screened and selected eligible studies, which included adults with and without long-term conditions. A content analysis was used to synthesize qualitative and quantitative evidence, categorizing rest-related descriptions. Additionally, descriptive and narrative synthesis methods were employed. Of 9393 initial records, 17 studies were included in the review. The findings revealed that rest was operationalized by several key elements, including cessation of activity or engagement in low-energy tasks (n = 9 studies); detachment from activities (n = 4 studies); experiences of peace, joy, and tranquility (n = 5 studies); and time for self-reflection and solitude (n = 2 studies). The operationalization of rest showed both similarities and differences between adults with and without long-term conditions. Although all groups defined rest in physical, emotional, and social terms, mental rest was more prominently emphasized by adults without long-term conditions. The review also identified the effects of rest, including improvements in well-being and psychological functioning (n = 4 studies) and enhanced energy levels that facilitated daily activities (n = 4 studies). However, “excessive” rest was linked to negative outcomes, such as increased physical symptoms and disability (n = 3 studies). Notably, only two studies assessed rest measurement tools for adults with long-term conditions. The findings suggest that rest can enhance energy, well-being, and functioning, but excessive rest may worsen physical symptoms and disability. Tailored guidance on optimal rest is essential for maximizing health benefits. The review also highlights the need for further research on comprehensive tools to measure rest.