How sedentary are people with psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Sedentary behavior (SB) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate SB levels and predictors in people with psychosis. Method: Major electronic databases were searched from inception till 09/2015 for articles measuring SB with a self-report questionnaire (SRQ) or objective measure (e.g. accelerometer) in people with psychosis, including schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders. A random effects meta-analysis and meta regression analysis were conducted. Results: Thirteen studies were eligible including 2033 people with psychosis (mean age 41.3 years (range 25.1-60), 63.2% male (range 35-89%), body mass index 28.7 (range 25.9-32.1). The trim and fill analysis demonstrated people with psychosis spent 660.8 min (95% CI 523.2-798.4, participants = 2033) or 11.0 h (95% CI 8.72-13.3) per day being sedentary. Objective measures of SB recorded significantly higher levels (< 0.001) of SB (12.6 h per day, 95% CI 8.97-16.2, studies = 7, participants = 254) compared to self-report SB (6.85 h per day, 95% CI 4.75-8.96, studies = 6, participants = 1779). People with psychosis engaged in significantly more SB than controls (= 1.13, 95% CI 0.496-1.77, P < 0.001, n psychosis = 216, n controls = 159) equating to a mean difference of 2.80 (95% CI 1.47-4.1) hours per day. Multivariate meta-regression confirmed that objective measurement of SB predicted higher levels of sedentariness. Conclusions: People with psychosis engage in very high levels of sedentary behavior in their waking day and current SRQ may underestimate SB. Given that SB is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, future interventions specifically targeting the prevention of SB are warranted.