TY - JOUR
T1 - Identification, occurrence, concentration and composition profile of fiproles in municipal wastewater treatment plants
AU - Zhang, Qing
AU - Yang, Yingying
AU - Xiao, Yu
AU - Xia, Tian
AU - Shang, Nanxiu
AU - Liu, Yanna
AU - Guo, Feng
AU - Sanganyado, Edmond
AU - Jiang, Xiaoman
AU - Xia, Xinghui
N1 - Funding information: This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 42277008] and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [grant numbers 2021NTST23].
PY - 2023/8/25
Y1 - 2023/8/25
N2 - Although fipronil and several of its transformation products are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, limited information is available on the structural identities, detection frequencies, concentrations and composition profiles of fiproles (fipronil and its known and unknown transformation products) in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a suspect screening analysis was applied to identify and characterize fipronil transformation products in 16 municipal WWTPs from three cities in China. In addition to fipronil and its four transformation products (fipronil amide, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone and desulfinyl fipronil), fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine were detected for the first time in municipal wastewater. Moreover, the cumulative concentrations of six transformation products were 0.236 ng/L and 3.44 ng/L in wastewater influents and effluents, and accounted for one-third (in influents) to half (in effluents) of fiproles. Of those transformation products, two chlorinated byproducts (fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine) were major transformation products in both municipal wastewater influents and effluents. Notably, the log Kow and bioconcentration factor (evaluated by EPI Suite software) of fipronil chloramine (log Kow = 6.64, and BCF = 11,200 L/kg wet-wt) and fipronil sulfone chloramine (log Kow = 4.42, and BCF = 382.9 L/kg wet-wt) were greater than that of their parent compound. Considering the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity, the high detection rates of fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine in urban aquatic systems need to be specifically considered in future ecological risk assessments.
AB - Although fipronil and several of its transformation products are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, limited information is available on the structural identities, detection frequencies, concentrations and composition profiles of fiproles (fipronil and its known and unknown transformation products) in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a suspect screening analysis was applied to identify and characterize fipronil transformation products in 16 municipal WWTPs from three cities in China. In addition to fipronil and its four transformation products (fipronil amide, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone and desulfinyl fipronil), fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine were detected for the first time in municipal wastewater. Moreover, the cumulative concentrations of six transformation products were 0.236 ng/L and 3.44 ng/L in wastewater influents and effluents, and accounted for one-third (in influents) to half (in effluents) of fiproles. Of those transformation products, two chlorinated byproducts (fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine) were major transformation products in both municipal wastewater influents and effluents. Notably, the log Kow and bioconcentration factor (evaluated by EPI Suite software) of fipronil chloramine (log Kow = 6.64, and BCF = 11,200 L/kg wet-wt) and fipronil sulfone chloramine (log Kow = 4.42, and BCF = 382.9 L/kg wet-wt) were greater than that of their parent compound. Considering the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity, the high detection rates of fipronil chloramine and fipronil sulfone chloramine in urban aquatic systems need to be specifically considered in future ecological risk assessments.
KW - Chlorinated byproducts
KW - Fipronil
KW - High-resolution mass spectrometry
KW - Suspect screening analysis
KW - Transformation products
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85159550227&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164198
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164198
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85159550227
VL - 888
SP - 1
EP - 9
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
SN - 0048-9697
M1 - 164198
ER -