Mapping the Energetics of Defect States in Cu 2ZnSnS 4 films and the Impact of Sb Doping.

The sub-bandgap levels associated with defect states in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films are investigated by correlating the temperature dependence of the absorber photoluminescence (PL) with the device admittance spectroscopy. CZTS thin films are prepared by thermolysis of molecular precursors incorporating chloride salts of the cations and thiourea. Na and Sb are introduced as dopants in the precursor layers to assess their impact on Cu/Zn and Sn site disorder, respectively. Systematic analysis of PL spectra as a function of excitation power and temperature show that radiative recombination is dominated by quasi-donor–acceptor pairs (QDAP) with a maximum between 1.03 and 1.18 eV. It is noteworthy that Sb doping leads to a transition from localized to delocalized QDAP. The activation energies obtained associated with QDAP emission closely correlate with the activation energies of the admittance responses in a temperature range between 150 K and room temperature in films with or without added dopants. Admittance data of CZTS films with no added dopants also have a strong contribution from a deeper state associated with Sn disorder. The ensemble of PL and admittance data, in addition to energy-filtered photoemission of electron microscopy (EF-PEEM), shows a detailed picture of the distribution of sub-bandgap states in CZTS and the impact of doping on their energetics and device performance.