Mechanical and X ray computed tomography characterisation of a WAAM 3D printed steel plate for structural engineering applications

Z. Al-Nabulsi; J.T. Mottram; M. Gillie; N. Kourra; M.A. Williams

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121700

Mechanical and X ray computed tomography characterisation of a WAAM 3D printed steel plate for structural engineering applications

Z. Al-Nabulsi, J.T. Mottram^*, M. Gillie, N. Kourra, M.A. Williams

^*Corresponding author for this work

Mechanical and Construction Engineering Department

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

This paper reports an investigation to improve fundamental knowledge and understanding of 3D printing of steel in structural engineering. The process method examined is Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the manufacturing of large-sized components. The mechanical properties of 3D printed Union K 40 - GMAW steel are determined and benchmarked against measured properties of EN 8 carbon medium steel. The results presented and discussed are from tensile coupon testing and X-ray Computed Tomography, with the latter inspecting an internal volume of the WAAM steel for: printing orientation; mapping porosity; interfacial variation between the printed layers. The key finding is that the mechanical properties of the WAAM steel satisfy the requirements for a structural steel grade for building structures as specified by Eurocode 3 (EN 1993–1-1).

Original language	English
Article number	121700
Number of pages	13
Journal	Construction and Building Materials
Volume	274
Early online date	9 Dec 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121700
Publication status	Published - 8 Mar 2021

Keywords

Structural application
Tensile testing
X-ray computed tomograph
Mechanical properties
WAAM process
Metal 3D printing

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121700Licence: CC BY

Advance online versionFinal published version, 3.39 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND
Final published versionFinal published version, 3.31 MBLicence: CC BY

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title = "Mechanical and X ray computed tomography characterisation of a WAAM 3D printed steel plate for structural engineering applications",

abstract = "This paper reports an investigation to improve fundamental knowledge and understanding of 3D printing of steel in structural engineering. The process method examined is Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the manufacturing of large-sized components. The mechanical properties of 3D printed Union K 40 - GMAW steel are determined and benchmarked against measured properties of EN 8 carbon medium steel. The results presented and discussed are from tensile coupon testing and X-ray Computed Tomography, with the latter inspecting an internal volume of the WAAM steel for: printing orientation; mapping porosity; interfacial variation between the printed layers. The key finding is that the mechanical properties of the WAAM steel satisfy the requirements for a structural steel grade for building structures as specified by Eurocode 3 (EN 1993–1-1).",

keywords = "Structural application, Tensile testing, X-ray computed tomograph, Mechanical properties, WAAM process, Metal 3D printing",

author = "Z. Al-Nabulsi and J.T. Mottram and M. Gillie and N. Kourra and M.A. Williams",

note = "Funding Information: The first author thanks both The School of Engineering (SoE) and The University of Warwick for financially supporting her PhD studies. The authors acknowledge the support to the research from: company Autodesk for WAAM 3D printing of the steel sheet; SoE Workshop technicians for coupon preparation; WMG (at Warwick University) for using their laboratory equipment for tensile testing and for XCT imagining. For the XCT scanning and imagine procesing we gratefully acknowledge funding from the Strategic Equipment - High Speed XCT EPSRC grant (EP/S010076/1). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 The Authors Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

year = "2021",

month = mar,

day = "8",

doi = "10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121700",

language = "English",

volume = "274",

journal = "Construction and Building Materials",

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T1 - Mechanical and X ray computed tomography characterisation of a WAAM 3D printed steel plate for structural engineering applications

AU - Al-Nabulsi, Z.

AU - Mottram, J.T.

AU - Gillie, M.

AU - Kourra, N.

AU - Williams, M.A.

N1 - Funding Information: The first author thanks both The School of Engineering (SoE) and The University of Warwick for financially supporting her PhD studies. The authors acknowledge the support to the research from: company Autodesk for WAAM 3D printing of the steel sheet; SoE Workshop technicians for coupon preparation; WMG (at Warwick University) for using their laboratory equipment for tensile testing and for XCT imagining. For the XCT scanning and imagine procesing we gratefully acknowledge funding from the Strategic Equipment - High Speed XCT EPSRC grant (EP/S010076/1). Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Authors Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2021/3/8

Y1 - 2021/3/8

N2 - This paper reports an investigation to improve fundamental knowledge and understanding of 3D printing of steel in structural engineering. The process method examined is Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the manufacturing of large-sized components. The mechanical properties of 3D printed Union K 40 - GMAW steel are determined and benchmarked against measured properties of EN 8 carbon medium steel. The results presented and discussed are from tensile coupon testing and X-ray Computed Tomography, with the latter inspecting an internal volume of the WAAM steel for: printing orientation; mapping porosity; interfacial variation between the printed layers. The key finding is that the mechanical properties of the WAAM steel satisfy the requirements for a structural steel grade for building structures as specified by Eurocode 3 (EN 1993–1-1).

AB - This paper reports an investigation to improve fundamental knowledge and understanding of 3D printing of steel in structural engineering. The process method examined is Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the manufacturing of large-sized components. The mechanical properties of 3D printed Union K 40 - GMAW steel are determined and benchmarked against measured properties of EN 8 carbon medium steel. The results presented and discussed are from tensile coupon testing and X-ray Computed Tomography, with the latter inspecting an internal volume of the WAAM steel for: printing orientation; mapping porosity; interfacial variation between the printed layers. The key finding is that the mechanical properties of the WAAM steel satisfy the requirements for a structural steel grade for building structures as specified by Eurocode 3 (EN 1993–1-1).

KW - Structural application

KW - Tensile testing

KW - X-ray computed tomograph

KW - Mechanical properties

KW - WAAM process

KW - Metal 3D printing

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DO - 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121700

M3 - Article

SN - 0950-0618

VL - 274

JO - Construction and Building Materials

JF - Construction and Building Materials

M1 - 121700

ER -

Mechanical and X ray computed tomography characterisation of a WAAM 3D printed steel plate for structural engineering applications

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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