Multiple sclerosis management: therapies and future perspectives

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, characterised by inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration. It typically presents in adults aged 20–40 years, although diagnoses in older populations are increasing. Multiple sclerosis manifests in various forms, most commonly relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment, neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, with the McDonald criteria providing a standardised approach; recent updates to these criteria aim to improve diagnostic accuracy. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing relapse frequency, delaying disease progression, and improving quality of life using pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This article discusses the range of disease-modifying drugs, corticosteroids and other medication used to manage symptoms. It also signals the importance of recent therapeutic advances, including high-efficacy treatments and emerging agents that offer potential for improved long-term outcomes. There is a need for a collaborative, patient-centred approach to aid adherence to therapy and improve outcomes. Continuing research holds promise for future therapies.