MutPred mutational load analysis shows mildly deleterious mitochondrial DNA variants are not more prevalent in Alzheimer's patients, but may be under-represented in healthy older individuals

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) association studies have been conducted for over a decade using the haplogroup (lineage) association method, but this frequently produces conflicting results. Here we analyzed complete mtDNA sequence data of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and aged controls, from the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), using a new “mutational load” method. We calculated a pathogenicity score for each of the non-synonymous substitutions of the mtDNA sequences to produce a “total mutational load” for each sequence, and compared the mutational loads of cases and controls. Using these mutational load measures, we found no evidence to support the cumulative role of mtDNA variants as a susceptibility factor in AD; that is, AD patients (UK and US cohorts) did not have higher “mutational loads” than controls. However, the US aged controls, who are significantly older than the UK ones, with many showing evidence of being healthy and having good cognition in old age, had significantly lower “mutational loads”. This finding suggests that low mtDNA mutational load is more prevalent in healthy older people.