Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation

El Mehdi El Amrani Chtiar; Adib Allahham; Mohammad Royapoor

doi:10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312

Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation

El Mehdi El Amrani Chtiar^*, Adib Allahham, Mohammad Royapoor

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Engineering Physics and Mathematics

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

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Abstract

Data centres (DCs) are critical yet energy-intensive infrastructures, with rising operational costs and Carbon emissions due to their continued reliance on fossil-based grid. This paper presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimisation framework for decarbonising standalone DCs through coordinated scheduling of PV, wind, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), diesel, and grid supply. The model incorporates demand-side management, stochastic renewable variability via Monte Carlo simulations, and techno-economic constraints. A case study shows up to 62.7% CO₂ reduction and 82% cost savings compared to baseline operation powered exclusively by grid imports. Load shifting emerged as the most cost-effective strategy, while diesel-constrained scenarios provided greater emissions reduction. The framework supports real-time visualisation, scenario evaluation, and future integration of spatial load shifting and thermal storage systems.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025)
Subtitle of host publication	Conference Proceedings
Editors	Xuewu Dai, Krishna Busawon, Alireza Maheri
Place of Publication	Piscataway, US
Publisher	IEEE
Pages	131-136
Number of pages	6
Volume	1
ISBN (Electronic)	9798331550950
ISBN (Print)	9798331550967
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312
Publication status	Published - 4 Dec 2025
Event	9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications, EFEA 2025 - Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Duration: 4 Dec 2025 → 5 Dec 2025

Conference

Conference	9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications, EFEA 2025
Country/Territory	United Kingdom
City	Newcastle upon Tyne
Period	4/12/25 → 5/12/25

Keywords

Data Centre
Load Shifting
Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)
Optimal Sizing
Renewable Integration

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10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312

MILP framework for Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Renewable and BESS - Final 26112025Accepted author manuscript, 800 KB

Cite this

El Amrani Chtiar, E. M., Allahham, A., & Royapoor, M. (2025). Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation. In X. Dai, K. Busawon, & A. Maheri (Eds.), 2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025): Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1, pp. 131-136). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312

El Amrani Chtiar, El Mehdi ; Allahham, Adib ; Royapoor, Mohammad. / Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation. 2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025): Conference Proceedings. editor / Xuewu Dai ; Krishna Busawon ; Alireza Maheri. Vol. 1 Piscataway, US : IEEE, 2025. pp. 131-136

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abstract = "Data centres (DCs) are critical yet energy-intensive infrastructures, with rising operational costs and Carbon emissions due to their continued reliance on fossil-based grid. This paper presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimisation framework for decarbonising standalone DCs through coordinated scheduling of PV, wind, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), diesel, and grid supply. The model incorporates demand-side management, stochastic renewable variability via Monte Carlo simulations, and techno-economic constraints. A case study shows up to 62.7\% CO2 reduction and 82\% cost savings compared to baseline operation powered exclusively by grid imports. Load shifting emerged as the most cost-effective strategy, while diesel-constrained scenarios provided greater emissions reduction. The framework supports real-time visualisation, scenario evaluation, and future integration of spatial load shifting and thermal storage systems.",

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El Amrani Chtiar, EM, Allahham, A & Royapoor, M 2025, Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation. in X Dai, K Busawon & A Maheri (eds), 2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025): Conference Proceedings. vol. 1, IEEE, Piscataway, US, pp. 131-136, 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications, EFEA 2025, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, 4/12/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312

Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation. / El Amrani Chtiar, El Mehdi; Allahham, Adib; Royapoor, Mohammad.
2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025): Conference Proceedings. ed. / Xuewu Dai; Krishna Busawon; Alireza Maheri. Vol. 1 Piscataway, US: IEEE, 2025. p. 131-136.

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation

AU - El Amrani Chtiar, El Mehdi

AU - Allahham, Adib

AU - Royapoor, Mohammad

PY - 2025/12/4

Y1 - 2025/12/4

N2 - Data centres (DCs) are critical yet energy-intensive infrastructures, with rising operational costs and Carbon emissions due to their continued reliance on fossil-based grid. This paper presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimisation framework for decarbonising standalone DCs through coordinated scheduling of PV, wind, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), diesel, and grid supply. The model incorporates demand-side management, stochastic renewable variability via Monte Carlo simulations, and techno-economic constraints. A case study shows up to 62.7% CO2 reduction and 82% cost savings compared to baseline operation powered exclusively by grid imports. Load shifting emerged as the most cost-effective strategy, while diesel-constrained scenarios provided greater emissions reduction. The framework supports real-time visualisation, scenario evaluation, and future integration of spatial load shifting and thermal storage systems.

AB - Data centres (DCs) are critical yet energy-intensive infrastructures, with rising operational costs and Carbon emissions due to their continued reliance on fossil-based grid. This paper presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimisation framework for decarbonising standalone DCs through coordinated scheduling of PV, wind, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), diesel, and grid supply. The model incorporates demand-side management, stochastic renewable variability via Monte Carlo simulations, and techno-economic constraints. A case study shows up to 62.7% CO2 reduction and 82% cost savings compared to baseline operation powered exclusively by grid imports. Load shifting emerged as the most cost-effective strategy, while diesel-constrained scenarios provided greater emissions reduction. The framework supports real-time visualisation, scenario evaluation, and future integration of spatial load shifting and thermal storage systems.

KW - Data Centre

KW - Load Shifting

KW - Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)

KW - Optimal Sizing

KW - Renewable Integration

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DO - 10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312

M3 - Conference contribution

AN - SCOPUS:105034967457

SN - 9798331550967

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SP - 131

EP - 136

BT - 2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025)

A2 - Dai, Xuewu

A2 - Busawon, Krishna

A2 - Maheri, Alireza

PB - IEEE

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T2 - 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications, EFEA 2025

Y2 - 4 December 2025 through 5 December 2025

ER -

El Amrani Chtiar EM, Allahham A, Royapoor M. Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation. In Dai X, Busawon K, Maheri A, editors, 2025 9th International Conference on Environment Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA2025): Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1. Piscataway, US: IEEE. 2025. p. 131-136 doi: 10.1109/EFEA67685.2025.11386312

Optimising Data Centre Energy Systems with Onsite Renewables and Battery Storage: A MILP Framework for Decarbonisation

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