Options and strategies for managing droughts: Case studies from agro-ecological regions

Drought is a recurring natural phenomenon that significantly challenges agricultural systems worldwide. With the increasing frequency and severity of droughts due to climate change, effective management strategies are essential to ensure food security and agricultural sustainability. This work delves into the complexities of drought management across various agro-ecological regions, providing a detailed analysis of different drought types, their characteristics, and the rising incidences driven by climate change. Through case studies from Africa, Asia, and North America, this work highlights adaptive strategies that have proven effective. These include enhancing water use efficiency, exemplified by Israel's adoption of drip irrigation systems; developing climate-resilient crops, as seen with drought-tolerant maize varieties in Sub-Saharan Africa; and implementing robust early warning systems. The importance of soil conservation and management practices, like those adopted in Brazil's Cerrado region, which enhance soil moisture retention and mitigate drought impacts is emphasized. Water harvesting and storage techniques, illustrated by India's rooftop rainwater harvesting systems, are discussed as crucial methods to augment water supplies during dry periods. Furthermore, the work underscores the role of policy and institutional measures in supporting drought management efforts. Australia's National Drought Policy serves as a notable example, providing a framework for coordinated drought resilience projects and support for affected farmers. By offering actionable insights supported by comprehensive data, the authors aims to guide policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in developing resilient agricultural systems capable of withstanding the adverse effects of drought and ensuring sustainable food production in the face of climate variability.