Outcomes sensitive to critical care nurse staffing levels: A systematic review

Pamela J. L. Rae*, Susie Pearce, Jane Greaves, Chiara Dall'Ora, Peter Griffiths, Ruth Endacott

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

49 Citations (Scopus)
147 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Objective:
To determine associations between variations in registered nurse staffing levels in adult critical care units and outcomes such as patient, nurse, organisational and family outcomes.

Methods:
We published and adhered to a protocol, stored in an open access repository and searched for quantitative studies written in the English language and held in CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS and NDLTD databases up to July 2020.

Three authors independently extracted data and critically appraised papers meeting the inclusion criteria. Results are summarised in tables and discussed in terms of strength of internal validity. A detailed review of the two most commonly measured outcomes, patient mortality and nosocomial infection, is also presented.

Results:
Our search returned 7960 titles after duplicates were removed; 55 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies with strong internal validity report significant associations between lower levels of critical care nurse staffing and increased odds of both patient mortality (1.24–3.50 times greater) and nosocomial infection (3.28–3.60 times greater), increased hospital costs, lower nurse-perceived quality of care and lower family satisfaction. Meta-analysis was not feasible because of the wide variation in how both staffing and outcomes were measured.

Conclusions:
A large number of studies including several with high internal validity provide evidence that higher levels of critical care nurse staffing are beneficial to patients, staff and health services. However, inconsistent approaches to measurement and aggregation of staffing levels reported makes it hard to translate findings into recommendation for safe staffing in critical care.
Original languageEnglish
Article number103110
Number of pages11
JournalIntensive & critical care nursing
Volume67
Early online date9 Jul 2021
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Dec 2021

Keywords

  • Critical care
  • Cross infection
  • Health care
  • Health workforce
  • Mortality
  • Outcome assessment
  • Registered nurse

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