TY - JOUR
T1 - Platinum-group elements
T2 - Quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces
AU - Palacios, M. A.
AU - Gómez, M. M.
AU - Moldovan, M.
AU - Morrison, G.
AU - Rauch, S.
AU - McLeod, C.
AU - Ma, R.
AU - Laserna, J.
AU - Lucena, P.
AU - Caroli, S.
AU - Alimonti, A.
AU - Petrucci, F.
AU - Bocca, B.
AU - Schramel, P.
AU - Lustig, S.
AU - Zischka, M.
AU - Wass, U.
AU - Stenbom, B.
AU - Luna, M.
AU - Saenz, J. C.
AU - Santamaría, J.
AU - Torrens, J. M.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was financially supported by the European Union under the Environment & Climate Program, CEPLACA, Project ENV4-CT97-0518.
PY - 2000/7/20
Y1 - 2000/7/20
N2 - Automotive catalytic converters, in which Pt, Pd and Rh (platinum-group elements; PGEs) are the active components for eliminating several noxious components from exhaust fumes, have become the main source of environmental urban pollution by PGEs. This work reports on the catalyst morphology through changes in catalyst surface by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) from fresh to aged catalytic converters. The distribution of these elements in the fresh catalysts analysed (Pt-Pd-Rh gasoline catalyst) is not uniform and occurs mainly in a longitudinal direction. This heterogeneity seems to be greater for Pt and Pd. PGEs released by the catalysts, fresh and aged 30000 km, were studied in parallel. Whole raw exhaust fumes from four catalysts of three different types were also examined. Two of these were gasoline catalysts (Pt-Pd-Rh and Pd-Rh) and the other two were diesel catalysts (Pt). Samples were collected following the 91441 EUDC driving cycle for light-duty vehicle testing. The results show that at 0 km the samples collected first have the highest content of particulate PGEs and although the general tendency is for the release to decrease with increasing number of samples taken, exceptions are frequent. At 30000 km the released PGEs in gasoline and diesel catalysts decreased significantly. For fresh gasoline catalysts the mean of the total amount released was approximately 100, 250 and 50 ng km-1 for Pt, Pd and Rh, respectively. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 400-800 ng km-1. After ageing the catalysts up to 30000 km, the gasoline catalysts released amounts of Pt between 6 and 8 ng km-1, Pd between 12 and 16 ng km-1 and Rh between 3 and 12 ng km-1. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 108-150 ng km-1. The soluble portion of PGEs in the HNO3 collector solution represented less than 5% of the total amount for fresh catalysts. For 30000 km the total amount of soluble PGEs released was similar or slightly higher than for 0 km. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
AB - Automotive catalytic converters, in which Pt, Pd and Rh (platinum-group elements; PGEs) are the active components for eliminating several noxious components from exhaust fumes, have become the main source of environmental urban pollution by PGEs. This work reports on the catalyst morphology through changes in catalyst surface by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) from fresh to aged catalytic converters. The distribution of these elements in the fresh catalysts analysed (Pt-Pd-Rh gasoline catalyst) is not uniform and occurs mainly in a longitudinal direction. This heterogeneity seems to be greater for Pt and Pd. PGEs released by the catalysts, fresh and aged 30000 km, were studied in parallel. Whole raw exhaust fumes from four catalysts of three different types were also examined. Two of these were gasoline catalysts (Pt-Pd-Rh and Pd-Rh) and the other two were diesel catalysts (Pt). Samples were collected following the 91441 EUDC driving cycle for light-duty vehicle testing. The results show that at 0 km the samples collected first have the highest content of particulate PGEs and although the general tendency is for the release to decrease with increasing number of samples taken, exceptions are frequent. At 30000 km the released PGEs in gasoline and diesel catalysts decreased significantly. For fresh gasoline catalysts the mean of the total amount released was approximately 100, 250 and 50 ng km-1 for Pt, Pd and Rh, respectively. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 400-800 ng km-1. After ageing the catalysts up to 30000 km, the gasoline catalysts released amounts of Pt between 6 and 8 ng km-1, Pd between 12 and 16 ng km-1 and Rh between 3 and 12 ng km-1. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 108-150 ng km-1. The soluble portion of PGEs in the HNO3 collector solution represented less than 5% of the total amount for fresh catalysts. For 30000 km the total amount of soluble PGEs released was similar or slightly higher than for 0 km. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
KW - Automotive
KW - Catalyst
KW - Cathodic stripping voltammetry
KW - Exhaust fumes
KW - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry
KW - Palladium
KW - Platinum
KW - Rhodium
KW - Scanning electron microscopy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0342995867&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00464-2
DO - 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00464-2
M3 - Article
C2 - 10943898
AN - SCOPUS:0342995867
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 257
SP - 1
EP - 15
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
IS - 1
ER -
