Precision depth-controlled isolated silver nanoparticle-doped diamond-like carbon coatings with enhanced ion release, biocompatibility, and mechanical performance

Silver doped diamond-like carbon (Ag/DLC) coatings are in high demand for biomedical applications such as artificial implants, surgical instruments, and medical devices. However, recent reports indicate that the excess Ag concentration required in typically made Ag/DLC coatings significantly reduces their mechanical performance and biocompatibility. Here, we propose a novel single-step approach to precisely dope small quantities of Ag in the form of isolated nanoparticles embedded at defined depths in a DLC matrix. This new Ag/DLC coating architecture is designed to release controlled Ag ion levels to fight infection in the early post-surgery stages, while a confined Ag amount maintains the excellent mechanical and biocompatibility performance of the underlying DLC coating when compared to typically made Ag/DLC coating designs. Coatings of pure DLC, typically made Ag/DLC with Ag doped throughout the carbon matrix and the new Ag/DLC design with precise Ag doping, are made using a modified magnetron sputtering system. The coatings are characterised for structural, mechanical, ion leaching, and biocompatibility profiles against L929 fibroblast cells. Results indicate that the new Ag/DLC coating requires only 2 at.% Ag to release a similar level of Ag ions (∼0.6 ppm) to a typical Ag/DLC coating with a much higher Ag content of 17 at.%. The new Ag/DLC coating design also outperforms the typical design with a 63 % increase in hardness, 100 % higher Young's modulus, and 21 % higher biocompatibility. The enhanced biomechanical performance of the proposed new Ag/DLC architecture could have significant potential for coating of future medical devices.