Recent advances in applications of MXenes for desalination, water purification and as an antibacterial: a review

Membranes have become a basis in tackling the global challenge of freshwater scarcity, notably in the fields of desalination and water purification. MXenes, distinguished by their notable high aspect ratio, extensive surface area, robust mechanical strength, and enduring chemical resilience, have emerged as highly promising materials for membrane development. Recent progress in the research and application of MXene membranes, especially in the areas of water desalination and treatment, marks a significant leap forward in this domain. This study conducts an exhaustive analysis of the state-of-the-art developments in the creation and enhancement of MXene-based membranes. It delves into their application in various desalination processes, including membrane-based desalination and solar-driven interfacial steam generation, alongside their use in water purification. This analysis sheds light on their efficacy in desalination processes, in addition to evaluating their antimicrobial properties and salt rejection efficiency. Moreover, the review provides an in-depth examination of the mechanics behind MXene membranes and assesses their overall impact, pinpointing both the current opportunities they present and the challenges they face. The primary goal of this discussion is to enrich the collective understanding of MXene membrane technology and to drive continuous improvement and innovation in this area. By doing so, it aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable solutions to water scarcity through the development of more efficient and effective membrane technologies.