Recent advances in nanomaterial-based sensor engineering for the electrochemical detection of biomolecules

Advanced approaches of analytical techniques for detecting biomolecules have attracted great interest. The early recognition of biomolecules, such as neurotransmitters, glucose, and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) plays an important role in investigating human health and some chronic diseases. Electrochemical methods produce highly efficient tools with easy implementation, fast response, highly sensitive and selective assay, and high economic and environmental values. In this chapter, the advanced development of electrochemical sensors based on the novel property of various kinds of nanomaterials (i.e., metal oxides nanoarchitecture, metal nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, and their nanocomposites) has been outlined. These materials have been used for the design of enzymatic and nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors. The chemical composition, morphology, and topography of the synthesized nanomaterials played a key role in advancing the sensing property and catalytic activity. The electrochemical sensors have been widely used for the signaling of various targets such as epinephrine, dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, choline, acetylcholine, glucose, and NADH. The analytical techniques vary in the mechanism of cation, sensitivity, selectivity, the limit of detection, portability, and the practical application in their resources and receptors. The recent developments of the biomolecules essay focus on the fast progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology for providing highly efficient materials with high activity, excellent sensitivity, good selectivity, high stability, and good reproducibility. Moreover, the excellent sensor assay provides high sensitivity and selectivity for in vitro/in vivo monitoring of biomolecules in their resources and receptors and can be used for portable devices.