Relationship of water supply, irrigation, and droughts: Overview and synthesis

The interplay between water supply, irrigation, and droughts is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and water resource management, especially in regions with significant climatic variability like India. This study focuses on the major river basins of India, essential for regional water supply and irrigation infrastructure, directly impacting agricultural productivity and water availability. Using a combination of historical records and hydrological data, we analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of irrigation practices from 1950 to 2023. Key indices are employed to assess vegetation health, surface water availability, and drought conditions. Results indicate substantial regional disparities in irrigation infrastructure, with northern regions like Punjab and Haryana showing high irrigation coverage due to extensive canal and groundwater projects, while central and southern regions exhibit moderate to low irrigation coverage, relying more on monsoonal rainfall. The study highlights the significant impact of irrigation in mitigating drought effects by providing a reliable water source, thus stabilizing agricultural output during dry spells. However, the reliance on irrigation underscores the need for sustainable water management practices to ensure the long-term viability of water resources. This research integrates historical irrigation practices, current challenges posed by droughts, and the implications of water management policies under the lens of sustainability and climate resilience. The insights provided can inform policy decisions, guide agricultural practices, and inspire further research, contributing to a more resilient and sustainable approach to managing water resources in an increasingly unpredictable climate.