TY - JOUR
T1 - Review on classification of resonant converters for electric vehicle application
AU - Deshmukh (Gore), Sheetal
AU - Iqbal, Atif
AU - Islam, Shirazul
AU - Khan, Irfan
AU - Marzband, Mousa
AU - Rahman, Syed
AU - Al-Wahedi, Abdullah M.A.B.
N1 - Funding Information:
This publication, is made possible by NPRP grant #[ 13S-0108-2000228 ] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The APC for the article is funded by the Qatar National Library, Doha, Qatar.
PY - 2022/11/1
Y1 - 2022/11/1
N2 - The conventional hard-switching converters suffer from the limitations like the upper limit on switching frequency, high electromagnetic interference (EMI), more switching losses, large size, increased weight and low efficiency. To overcome these limitations, resonant converters are popularly used in chargers of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the detailed classification of resonant converters used in EVs is not sufficiently discussed in the literature. The guideline to select a resonant converter based topology required to charge an EV on the basis of its rating is not mentioned. To fill this gap, this paper presents a state-of-art literature survey of various resonant converter based topologies used in chargers of EVs. This paper focuses on a detailed classification of resonant converters used in the second stage of EV chargers. Further, it provides a guideline to designers to choose a converter topology used in the first stage and the second stage of EV charger required based on wattage, unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. Depending on the number of reactive elements present in a given resonant converter topology, these are classified as two-element, three-element, and multi-element resonant converters. Depending upon the connection of inductive (L) and capacitive (C) elements with respect to transformer winding, these converter topologies are further categorized as series, parallel (two-elements), inductor–inductor–capacitor (LLC) (three-element) and capacitor–inductor–inductor–capacitor (CLLC) (Multi-elements). However, the LLC type resonant converters offer high efficiency, zero-voltage switching (ZVS turn-on, turn-off) and low voltage stress on switches and high power density. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on LLC type resonant converter topology. In addition, various modulation schemes and control schemes for LLC, CLLC resonant converter along with control of active power and reactive power are discussed for vehicle-2-grid (V2G) mode of operation.
AB - The conventional hard-switching converters suffer from the limitations like the upper limit on switching frequency, high electromagnetic interference (EMI), more switching losses, large size, increased weight and low efficiency. To overcome these limitations, resonant converters are popularly used in chargers of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the detailed classification of resonant converters used in EVs is not sufficiently discussed in the literature. The guideline to select a resonant converter based topology required to charge an EV on the basis of its rating is not mentioned. To fill this gap, this paper presents a state-of-art literature survey of various resonant converter based topologies used in chargers of EVs. This paper focuses on a detailed classification of resonant converters used in the second stage of EV chargers. Further, it provides a guideline to designers to choose a converter topology used in the first stage and the second stage of EV charger required based on wattage, unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. Depending on the number of reactive elements present in a given resonant converter topology, these are classified as two-element, three-element, and multi-element resonant converters. Depending upon the connection of inductive (L) and capacitive (C) elements with respect to transformer winding, these converter topologies are further categorized as series, parallel (two-elements), inductor–inductor–capacitor (LLC) (three-element) and capacitor–inductor–inductor–capacitor (CLLC) (Multi-elements). However, the LLC type resonant converters offer high efficiency, zero-voltage switching (ZVS turn-on, turn-off) and low voltage stress on switches and high power density. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on LLC type resonant converter topology. In addition, various modulation schemes and control schemes for LLC, CLLC resonant converter along with control of active power and reactive power are discussed for vehicle-2-grid (V2G) mode of operation.
KW - CLLC converter
KW - Electric vehicle
KW - LLC
KW - Resonant converter
KW - Resonant tank circuit
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85121923915&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.013
DO - 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.013
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85121923915
SN - 2352-4847
VL - 8
SP - 1091
EP - 1113
JO - Energy Reports
JF - Energy Reports
ER -