Rubber crumb used in concrete to provide freeze-thaw protection (optimum particle size)

This investigation is part of an ongoing research programme spanning five years at Northumbria University, which has looked into various aspects of rubber crumb usage in concrete with regard to freeze/thaw protection. The research was carried to examine the optimum particle size of rubber crumb, when used within concrete, which will provide the maximum freeze-thaw protection. The investigation extends the range of earlier work carried out by Richardson, Coventry, and Ward, (2011) Richardson, Coventry, Dave, and Dave, J, (2011).