The Effects of Music Interventions on Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Older Adults with Dementia: Systematic Review

Background
Dementia, affecting over 55 million people globally, often presents with behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSDs) such as agitation, depression, and anxiety. Pharmacological treatments can lead to adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer, non-drug alternatives like music interventions. This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of music therapy and other musical activities in reducing BPSDs among adults aged 65 and older with various types and stages of dementia.

Methods
Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across seven major databases, covering studies published in English between 2013 and 2023. The review included both randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs, assessed using the Van Tulder criteria and the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool, respectively. Ten quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria.

Results
Findings show that music interventions significantly alleviated symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and agitation. Both active (e.g., singing, playing instruments) and receptive (e.g., listening) music therapy formats were effective, with sessions ranging from 20–90 minutes. Interventions were most successful when personalized and culturally tailored.

Discussion
Music-based interventions represent a promising non-pharmacological approach to managing BPSDs in dementia. Further research is needed to develop standardized protocols and evaluate long-term outcomes to support broader clinical adoption.