The parameterization of wave-particle interactions in the Outer Radiation Belt

We explore the use of mean-value empirical wave models in diffusion models of the Outer Radiation Belt. We show that magnetospheric wave power is not normally-distributed in time and that geomagnetic activity does not provide a deterministic proxy for the temporal variability of wave activity. Our findings indicate that current diffusion models significantly overestimate the action of wave particle interactions due to extremely low frequency and very low frequency waves in the magnetosphere. We suggest that other techniques such as stochastic parameterization will lead to a better characterization of sub-grid diffusion physics in the Outer Radiation Belt.