TY - JOUR
T1 - Three-phase phase-locked loop synchronization algorithms for grid-connected renewable energy systems: A review
AU - Ali, Zunaib
AU - Christofides, Nicholas
AU - Hadjidemetriou, Lenos
AU - Kyriakides, Elias
AU - Yang, Yongheng
AU - Blaabjerg, Frede
PY - 2018/7/1
Y1 - 2018/7/1
N2 - The increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) requires appropriate control techniques in order to remain interconnected and contribute in a proper way to the overall grid stability, whenever disturbances occur. In addition, the disconnection of RES due to synchronization problems must be avoided as this may result in penalties and loss of energy generation to RES operators. The control of RES mainly depends on the synchronization algorithm, which should be fast and accurately detect the grid voltage status (e.g., phase, amplitude, and frequency). Typically, phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization techniques are used for the grid voltage monitoring. The design and performance of PLL directly affect the dynamics of the RES grid side converter (GSC). This paper presents the characteristics, design guidelines and features of advanced state-of-the-art PLL-based synchronization algorithms under normal, abnormal and harmonically-distorted grid conditions. Experimental tests on the selected PLL methods under different grid conditions are presented, followed by a comparative benchmarking and selection guide. Finally, corresponding PLL tuning procedures are discussed.
AB - The increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) requires appropriate control techniques in order to remain interconnected and contribute in a proper way to the overall grid stability, whenever disturbances occur. In addition, the disconnection of RES due to synchronization problems must be avoided as this may result in penalties and loss of energy generation to RES operators. The control of RES mainly depends on the synchronization algorithm, which should be fast and accurately detect the grid voltage status (e.g., phase, amplitude, and frequency). Typically, phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization techniques are used for the grid voltage monitoring. The design and performance of PLL directly affect the dynamics of the RES grid side converter (GSC). This paper presents the characteristics, design guidelines and features of advanced state-of-the-art PLL-based synchronization algorithms under normal, abnormal and harmonically-distorted grid conditions. Experimental tests on the selected PLL methods under different grid conditions are presented, followed by a comparative benchmarking and selection guide. Finally, corresponding PLL tuning procedures are discussed.
KW - Grid codes
KW - Grid side converters (GSC)
KW - Harmonic distortion
KW - Phase-locked loop (PLL)
KW - Power converter control
KW - Renewable energy sources (RES)
KW - Synchronization
KW - Unbalanced grid conditions
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/8d97a5db-14de-3f9d-9da9-e0dbb3180b58/
U2 - 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.086
DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.086
M3 - Article
VL - 90
SP - 434
EP - 452
JO - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
SN - 1364-0321
ER -