Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator

Yiming Shen; Zhe Wang; Anand V. R; Zhuochen Wang; Rayhan Habib Jibon; Anuradha Rout; Bo Cai; Qiang Wu; Yuliya Semenova

doi:10.1109/jlt.2025.3628052

Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator

Yiming Shen^*, Zhe Wang, Anand V. R, Zhuochen Wang, Rayhan Habib Jibon, Anuradha Rout, Bo Cai, Qiang Wu, Yuliya Semenova

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Engineering Physics and Mathematics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-7
Number of pages	7
Journal	Journal of Lightwave Technology
Early online date	31 Oct 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2025.3628052
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 31 Oct 2025

Keywords

force sensor
2D sensing
microbubble resonator
optical fiber sensor
whispering gallery modes

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Two-dimensional_Force_Sensing_Whisker_Based_on_a_WGM_Microbubble_ResonatorAccepted author manuscript, 1.13 MBLicence: CC BY

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title = "Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator",

abstract = "We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.",

keywords = "force sensor, 2D sensing, microbubble resonator, optical fiber sensor, whispering gallery modes",

author = "Yiming Shen and Zhe Wang and R, \{Anand V.\} and Zhuochen Wang and Jibon, \{Rayhan Habib\} and Anuradha Rout and Bo Cai and Qiang Wu and Yuliya Semenova",

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AU - Shen, Yiming

AU - Wang, Zhe

AU - R, Anand V.

AU - Wang, Zhuochen

AU - Jibon, Rayhan Habib

AU - Rout, Anuradha

AU - Cai, Bo

AU - Wu, Qiang

AU - Semenova, Yuliya

PY - 2025/10/31

Y1 - 2025/10/31

N2 - We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.

AB - We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.

KW - force sensor

KW - 2D sensing

KW - microbubble resonator

KW - optical fiber sensor

KW - whispering gallery modes

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JF - Journal of Lightwave Technology

ER -

Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator

Abstract

Keywords

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