Using the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model to investigate end-user barriers and facilitators to low-rise district heating retrofit in the United Kingdom

Domestic heating is a substantial contributor to carbon emissions, so the adoption of efficient heating solutions, using renewable energy sources, is needed to support many countries in achieving net-zero commitments. District heat networks (DHNs) are recognised as a key component of urban energy infrastructure in the transition to low-carbon energy. However, it is critical to understand and overcome barriers to adoption for end-users, to ensure DHNs can be implemented at the pace and scale needed to support sustainability ambitions. Non-technical barriers, including social acceptance and behaviour change, are important issues which need to be addressed to promote end-user uptake of DHN technology, particularly with respect to retrofit projects. Here, we used an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach, whereby a pilot resident survey informed a qualitative study which sought to understand the barriers and facilitators to DHN connection among residents from two low-rise neighbourhoods targeted for DHN retrofit. The Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model was used to elucidate the data obtained. The analyses revealed that resident knowledge and understanding of DHNs is poor, but that provision of informational resources will promote both information seeking and intention to connect to the DHN. Community involvement in DHN initiatives was identified as an important facilitator of DHN engagement. Perceptions of DHN costs and environmental benefits were further determinants of resident perceptions of the DHN. To facilitate policy development, nine behaviour change techniques are proposed for incorporation into interventions aimed at leveraging the identified facilitators and overcoming barriers to DHN connection.