Utility of wastewater genomic surveillance compared to clinical surveillance to track the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant across England

The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Franziska S. Brunner, Alexander Payne, Edward Cairns, George Airey, Richard Gregory, Natalie D. Pickwell, Myles Wilson, Matthew Carlile, Nadine Holmes, Verity Hill, Harry Child, Jasmine Tomlinson, Suhel Ahmed, Hubert Denise, William Rowe, Jacob Frazer, Ronny van Aerle, Nicholas Evens, Jonathan PorterKate Templeton, Aaron R. Jeffries, Matt Loose, Steve Paterson, Matthew Bashton, Darren Smith, Andrew Nelson, Clare McCann

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The world has moved into a new stage of managing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with minimal restrictions and reduced testing in the population, leading to reduced genomic surveillance of virus variants in individuals. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide an alternative means of tracking virus variants in the population but decision-makers require confidence that it can be applied to a national scale and is comparable to individual testing data. We analysed 19,911 samples from 524 wastewater sites across England at least twice a week between November 2021 and February 2022, capturing sewage from >70% of the English population. We used amplicon-based sequencing and the phylogeny based de-mixing tool Freyja to estimate SARS-CoV-2 variant frequencies and compared these to the variant dynamics observed in individual testing data from clinical and community settings. We show that wastewater data can reconstruct the spread of the Omicron variant across England since November 2021 in close detail and aligns closely with epidemiological estimates from individual testing data. We also show the temporal and spatial spread of Omicron within London. Our wastewater data further reliably track the transition between Omicron subvariants BA1 and BA2 in February 2022 at regional and national levels. Our demonstration that WBE can track the fast-paced dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variant frequencies at a national scale and closely match individual testing data in time shows that WBE can reliably fill the monitoring gap left by reduced individual testing in a more affordable way.

Original languageEnglish
Article number120804
Number of pages10
JournalWater Research
Volume247
Early online date29 Oct 2023
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Dec 2023

Keywords

  • Humans
  • SARS-CoV-2/genetics
  • Wastewater
  • Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
  • COVID-19/epidemiology
  • Genomics
  • England/epidemiology

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