An Integrated Whole-life Solution for Modular Housing in the United Kingdom: A Platform-based Ecosystem Narrative

Abstract

The slow adoption of modular construction in the UK's housing sector has been attributed to its inability to foster effective collaboration, a complexity arising from the long-standing fragmented supply chain—a one that has been widely acknowledged. To meet the growing demands and expectations placed on the housing industry, there is an urgent need for a shift towards a more integrated and collaborative environment among all supply chain actors. However, this collaboration must go beyond simply improving productivity; it requires building a foundation of trust and transparency that enables seamless information exchange throughout the lifecycle of a modular house. This study aims to develop a whole-life housing solution that not only tackles the complexities and expectations inherent in the sector but also challenges the traditional view of housing as a mere product. This thesis advocates for a novel perspective: housing as a "servitisation" model that encompasses the entire lifecycle, from construction through to operation and maintenance. This view recognises that a purely product-oriented perspective overlooks the need for ongoing collaboration among specialised firms within the modular housing industry. To this end, the study adopts the theoretical lens of “meta-organisations” (MO), which supports the need for collective efforts and introduces the application narrative of a “platform-based ecosystem”. This approach reconfigures supply chains by integrating diverse actors and enhancing specialisation, co-evolution, and value co-creation within the principles of platform architecture and governance. Employing a qualitative approach grounded in critical realist ontological and pragmatist epistemology, this research gathered insights through an expert opinion survey of 22 highly experienced modular industry professionals (with an average of 23-years of experience) and detailed case studies of two modular housing developments by UK housing associations. The findings highlighted significant inefficiencies in the current manufacturing processes, often marked by a traditional, centralised approach that fails to leverage the unique benefits of modular construction—benefits that are already well-realised in other sectors. It also identifies crucial architectural and governance elements needed for a platform-based ecosystem that could serve as a comprehensive whole-life solution. Key recommendations include the formation of a central hub—an independent supply chain integrator (ISCI)—to coordinate the efforts of various actors, alongside robust governance mechanisms designed to protect intellectual property and promote healthy competition.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in two keyways: firstly, by extending the scope of MO theory beyond its conventional focus on mega projects, demonstrating its relevance and adaptability to the modular housing sector by emphasising innovation and specialisation within inter-organisational collaborations; and secondly, by developing a unique interpretation of platform-based ecosystems tailored for the UK modular industry. Considering the practical contribution, the study provides actionable guidelines for implementing a servitisation approach, advocating for the establishment of an ISCI to orchestrate diverse actors and implement robust governance mechanisms that safeguard intellectual property and foster healthy competition. These contributions collectively realise the ideal: “not just a house, but a home where comfort is assured throughout its life.”

Date of Award	24 Oct 2024
Original language	English
Awarding Institution	Northumbria University
Supervisor	Niraj Thurairajah (Supervisor) & Paul Jones (Supervisor)