Inclusivity Index for Urban Public Open Space: Tool for Assessing and Assisting Design

Abstract

This research examines inclusivity in urban public open spaces extending beyond conventional physical accessibility incorporating the social, cultural, and behavioural concepts. Globalisation and technological advancement have transformed mobility and spatial dynamics, increasing diversity in UPOS. However, existing urban space assessment frameworks often prioritise mobility and spatial design, neglecting the lived experiences and interaction of diverse users and their varied needs for expression and appropriation.
A comprehensive Inclusivity Index (IUPOS) is developed, integrating theoretical analysis, empirical validation, and spatial assessment to evaluate inclusivity in UPOS. The study focuses on public squares in city centres, high streets, and connecting streets within the neighbourhoods of Newcastle upon Tyne. A grounded theory approach guides this research, employing a mixed method tactic that combines qualitative analysis with empirical validation.
Koberg’s problem-solving framework structures the research transitioning to theoretical exploration to operational assessment. A two-strand approach is employed: the first strand establishes the conceptual foundation identifying dimensions of Inclusivity measured along the domain by assessing drivers of inclusivity. The second strand validates the Inclusivity Index through validation studies in Glasgow and implementation in Newcastle upon Tyne. The Index (IUPOS) examines how spatial design, social interactions and temporal dynamics influence inclusivity.
Findings highlight the impact of urban design, policies, and social interactions in fostering inclusive behaviour. Temporal factors and spatial adaptability significantly affect the accessibility, conviviality, and resilience in the UPOS. The research further reveals that UPOS is an inclusive destination when supported by strong connectors, ensuring a seamless integration into urban networks.
This study contributes to urban design, planning, and policymaking by providing an implementable Inclusivity Index. The research concludes with recommendations for further research, offering a framework to guide the development of equitable participation, social integration and resilient public spaces that support an inclusive urban environment for all.

Date of Award	15 Jan 2026
Original language	English
Awarding Institution	Northumbria University
Supervisor	Ashraf Salama (Supervisor) & Lesley McIntyre (Supervisor)